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Not AvailableGrowth, biomass, carbon storage, and carbon sequestration potential along an age series in Populus deltoides plantations were assessed. The growth rate of diameter at breast height and height was higher in trees of 4 to 7 years and 2 to 5 years, respectively. The total aboveground biomass (AGB) increased with age and reached its maximum (180.2 Mg ha–1) at 11 years of age. Mean carbon concentration in aboveground components varied from 39.7% to 51.7%. Allometric equations were developed to estimate biomass and biomass carbon in different tree components, which had adjusted R squares greater than 94%. Aboveground carbon stocks in P. deltoides increased from 0.5 Mg ha–1 at 1 year to 90.1 Mg ha–1 at 11 years. The carbon sequestration rate (i.e. carbon sequestrated in wood products and by the substitution of biomass for coal) in mature plantations (7–11 years) varied from 5.8 to 6.5 Mg C ha–1 per year. Soil carbon stocks increased with age (1–11 years) from 61.2 to 66.8 Mg ha–1 and decreased with soil depth. Soil carbon stock in different ages of plantations varied from 63.9 to 83.8 Mg ha–1 at 0–30 cm depth, 57.5 to 60.1 Mg ha–1 at 30–60 cm depth, and 55.5 to 59.7 Mg ha–1 at 60–90 cm depth. The amount of total carbon stock (AGB and soil) increased from 64.4 Mg ha–1 at 1 year to 173.9 Mg ha–1 at 11 years. This study recommends P. deltoides planting as a viable option for sustainable production and carbon mitigation.Not Availabl

The Molecular Taxonomy of Primary Prostate Cancer

There is substantial heterogeneity among primary prostate cancers, evident in the spectrum of molecular abnormalities and its variable clinical course. As part of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we present a comprehensive molecular analysis of 333 primary prostate carcinomas. Our results revealed a molecular taxonomy in which 74% of these tumors fell into one of seven subtypes defined by specific gene fusions (ERG, ETV1/4, and FLI1) or mutations (SPOP, FOXA1, and IDH1). Epigenetic profiles showed substantial heterogeneity, including an IDH1 mutant subset with a methylator phenotype. Androgen receptor (AR) activity varied widely and in a subtype-specific manner, with SPOP and FOXA1 mutant tumors having the highest levels of AR-induced transcripts. 25% of the prostate cancers had a presumed actionable lesion in the PI3K or MAPK signaling pathways, and DNA repair genes were inactivated in 19%. Our analysis reveals molecular heterogeneity among primary prostate cancers, as well as potentially actionable molecular defectsclose