The Effect of Concurrent Endurance and Resistance Exercise on Plasma Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Endostatin in Inactive Women

Introduction: The present study aims to investigate the effect of one concurrent endurance and resistance exercise training session on plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endostatin in inactive women. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 12 inactive female university students were divided into control (average age=20.0 ±1.78 years, height = 161.3 ±50 cm, weight = 58.83±5.71 kg, BMI = 22.38±3.23 kg/m2) and exercise (average age =19.5±1.04 years, height = 163.1±3.79 cm, weight = 58.67±7.69 kg, BMI =22.35±2.22 kg/m2) groups. The endurance exercise was performed on a treadmill with 65% of MHR for 16 minutes. The resistance exercises of four movements including leg press, chest compression, armpit and leg stretch were performed at 50% 1RM in two sets with 10 repetitions and 1-2 minutes’ rest intervals between sets. Data were analyzed using dependent t-test and independent t-test to determine differences within the group and between-group at pthe control group (p= 0.168). Conclusion: According to the findings, it seems that one session of concurrent endurance and resistance exercise has a positive influence on VEGF and probably it can help to improve the condition of angiogenesis

The Effect of A Single Bout of Aerobic Exercise on Ergometer on Inflammatory and Hormonal Markers in Active Girls

Introduction: Exercise is an important strategy for reducing the risk of chronic disease, and recent research has focused on its role in the improvement of the inflammatory profile. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a single bout of aerobic exercise on ergometer on inflammatory and hormonal markers in active girls. Methods: 16 physical education students with average age of 20.25 ±0.9 years, maximal oxygen uptake of 42.14±9.8 ml/kg/m and body mass index of 22.11±2.66 kg/m2 were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group pedaled on ergometer with intensity of 75 % VO2max for 60 minutes and the control group had no activity during the test. Blood samples for measuring the levels of IL-10, TNF-α, CRP, cortisol, epinephrine were taken before, immediately and 2 hours after termination of the exercise. The data were analyzed by paired t-test, repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc at P 0.05). The mean values of CRP (P=0.002) and cortisol (P=0.001) were higher in the experimental group than the control group. In addition, the mean values of epinephrine in the control group were higher than the experimental group (P=0.009), while no significant difference was observed between the two experimental and control groups in the concentration of IL-10 (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the findings of study, it seems that an exercise session on an ergometer does not affect hormonal and inflammatory factors in active subjects

The effect of aerobic training with saffron extract on plasma levels of apo E4 and presenilin gene in Alzheimer's rats by trimethyltin chloride

There is no treatment for Alzheimer's disease. However, some treatments can have a slowing and controlling effect on the disease process. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training with saffron extract on plasma levels of apo E4 and presenilin gene in Alzheimer's rats by trimethyltin chloride. In this experimental study, 32 male Sprague-Dawley rats with the weight of 180±20 g were selected and after Alzheimer's induction (by intraperitoneal injection of 80 mg/kg trimethyltin chloride) were randomly divided into 4 groups; control, aerobic training, saffron extract, saffron extract- aerobic training. Saffron extract was injected intraperitoneally at the dose of 25 mg/kg daily for eight weeks. The aerobic training program consisted of incremental running on the treadmill at a speed of 15 to 20 m/min and 15 to 30 min per session and 3 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA at the P<0.05. The results showed that aerobic training (P=0.13), saffron extract (P=0.14) and the interaction of aerobic training and saffron extract (P=0.13) had no significant effect on apo E4in rats. Also, aerobic training (P=0.68), saffron consumption (P=0.67) and interaction of aerobic training and saffron extract (P=0.32) had no significant effect on persniline gene in rats. According to the results, it seems that aerobic training and saffron extract do not significantly alter the levels of apo E4 and the presenilin of Alzheimer's rats

The effect of an electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) session on changes in endostatin and vascular endothelial growth factor in inactive men

The effectiveness of EMS on muscle and physical performance has been demonstrated in various populations, including healthy young adults. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) session on changes in endostatin and vascular endothelial growth factor in inactive men. In this quasi-experimental research, 16 inactive healthy men (age, 20-30 years; BMI, 18 - 24.9 kg/m2) from Tehran were selected and randomly assigned to two EMS stimulation (n=8) and control (n=8) groups. The subjects performed the exercise (squat, lunge, crunch and plank) with WB-EMS clothes for 20 minutes; frequency 80 Hz, pulse 5 seconds and pulse pause 3 seconds. The levels of VEGF and endostatin in plasma were measured using kit and ELISA method. The data were analyzed using independent and correlated t-test at the P<0.05. The results showed that intragroup changes of endostatin and VEGF were significant after an EMS training session (P≤0.05), but not significant change was observed in the control group (P≥0.05). Also, the inter-group changes of endostatin showed no significant differences between the two groups in the post-test (P=0.1). However, the intergroup changes of VEGF indicated significant difference between the two groups in the post-test (P=0.001). It seems that in inactive people, EMS stimulation increases vascular endothelial growth factor as the most important positive regulator of the angiogenesis process and decreases endostatin as one of the most important negative regulators of the angiogenesis process

The effect of high-intensity interval swimming training on ULK and TSC1/2 proteins of hippocampus tissue in elderly rats

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate aging reduces the possibility of dependence on age-related diseases. Exercise treatment strategies reduce the burden of aging-related illness, disability, and premature death in the elderly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high-intensity interval swimming training on ULK and TSC1/2 proteins of hippocampus tissue in elderly rats. In this experimental study, 16 elderly male Sprague Dawley rats (20 months old and mean weight 300-450 g) were divided into two groups of control and high-intensity interval swimming training. High-intensity interval swimming training consisted of 14 bouts 20-second swimming sessions with 10 seconds of rest between each session for six weeks (three days a week). The content of ULK and TSC1/2 proteins in hippocampal tissue was measured by Western blotting. Data were analyzed using independent t-test at the P<0.05. The results showed that high-intensity interval swimming training caused significant increase in content of ULK protein of hippocampus tissue in elderly rats (P=0.010). Also, high-intensity interval swimming training caused significant decrease in content of TSC1/2 protein of hippocampus tissue in elderly rats (P=0.010). According to the results, it seems that high-intensity interval swimming training can help improve the homeostasis regulatory pathways in hippocampal neurons in the elderly animal model

The Effect of Pilates Training on Isoprostane, Fasting Glucose and Body Composition in Women with Breast Cancer

Introduction: Addressing physical activities is one of the important pillars of the health management of patients with breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Pilates training on isoprostane, fasting glucose and body composition in women with breast cancer. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 24 women with breast cancer who referred to health and therapy centers and private clinics of Shiraz were selected and divided into two groups: Pilates training and control. Pilates training group performed exercises for 10 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 60 minutes each session. The control group performed only their daily activities during this period. Blood sampling and physical examination were performed before and after the training period. For statistical analysis of data Kolmogorov- Smirnov, paired sample t-test and independent sample t- tests (p≤0.05) were used. Results: The results showed that ten weeks of pilates training had no significant effect on isoprostane (p=0.35), weight (p=0.09), body mass index (p=0.09) and WHR (p=0.07) in women with breast cancer. Also, Pilates training had a significant effect on the reduction of fasting glucose (p=0.03) in women with breast cancer. Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, although 10-week Pilates training are not effective in improving the isoprostane and body composition of women with breast cancer, it can improve the fasting glucose in these patients

The Effect of Aerobic Training with Green Coffee on Body Composition and Lipid Profile in Overweight Women

Introduction: Consumption of green coffee may play a protective role against various diseases in modern societies, such as obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training with green coffee on body composition and lipid profile in overweight women. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 30 overweight housewives were selected voluntarily and randomly divided into experimental (aerobic training-green coffee, 15 people) and control (aerobic training, 15 people) groups. Experimental (aerobic training-green coffee) and control (aerobic training) groups participated in the aerobic training program for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, 60 minutes each session with intensity of 70-80% of maximum heart rate. The subjects of the green coffee group daily consumed 90 mg of green coffee for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed with covariance analysis at p≤0.05. Results: Eight weeks of aerobic training and green coffee consumption had no significant effect on waist to hip ratio, body fat percentage, BMI, body mass, TG and HDL in overweight women (P>0.05). However, eight weeks of aerobic training and green coffee consumption significantly decreased cholesterol (P=0.001) and LDL (P=0.01) in overweight women. Conclusion: According to the findings of study, eight weeks of aerobic training and green coffee consumption caused a significant decrease in cholesterol and LDL in overweight women. Therefore, it can be said that probably aerobic exercise and green coffee consumption can reduce the harmful lipids in overweight individuals

The Effect of Endurance Training and L-Carnitine Consumption on TNF-a and IL-1β Gene Expression of Heart Tissue in Wistar Male Rats following Anabolic Steroid Consumption (Boldenone)

Background & Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of endurance training and L-carnitine consumption on TNF-a and IL-1β gene expression of heart tissue in Wistar male rats following anabolic steroid consumption (Boldenone). Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats aged 12 weeks (weight 195±7.94g) were randomly divided into five groups including control, no-treatment, boldenone (5mg/kg), L-carnitine and aerobic training- L-carnitine. The endurance moderate intensity training program (55-50% of maximal oxygen consumption) was performed for 6 weeks and 5 times a week. Injection was conducted once a week, on an appointed day, and in the quadriceps and hamstring it was conducted in depth. After anesthesia, autopsy was performed and the heart was isolated. The TNF-α and IL-1β gene expression in the samples was measured by Real Time PCR. Data were analyzed using t-test, One-way ANOVA and post hoc Scheffe at the significant level of P<0.05. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean TNF-α and IL-1β gene expression of heart tissue in male Wistar rats in different groups (P=0.001). The changes in TNF-α and IL-1β gene expression of heart tissue in L-carnitine and Training-L-carnitine groups were significantly lower than those of the no-treatment and boldenon groups (P=0.001). Conclusion: It seems that supplementation of L-carnitine with regular aerobic training reduces heart tissue damage induced by anabolic androgenic steroids

Motor coordination and structural changes of hippocampus tissue in response to eight weeks of aerobic training and Ritalin consumption in hyperactive rats

Background: Changes in the structure of the hippocampus play a role in the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of this study was to evaluate the motor coordination and structural changes of the hippocampus tissue in response to an 8-week aerobic training program and Ritalin consumption in hyperactive rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 33 Wistar rats weighing 180-220g were randomly divided into 5 groups: 1) healthy control, 2) hyperactivity, 3) hyperactivity-aerobic training, 4) hyperactivity- Ritalin, and 5) hyperactivity-aerobic training-Ritalin and respond positively to the open field test. To induce ADHD in the rats, they were injected 10 mg/kg of L-NAME for 8 weeks (6 days per week) based on the weight of the rats. The drug group received 1 mg oral Ritalin per kg weight of rats daily for 8 weeks. The rats performed aerobic training 30 minutes a day and 7 days a week for 8 weeks. Results: The results showed that aerobic training and Ritalin consumption had no significant effect on weight (P=0.877) but had a significant effect on motor coordination (P=0.001) in hyperactive rats. In rats with the hyperactivity disorder, there was a slight change in the tissue and cellular structure, necrosis and tissue hyperemia as well as piconosis of the hippocampus tissue. Treadmill training along with Ritalin consumption reduced the tissue and cellular damage, necrosis, and also piconosis of the hippocampus tissue. Conclusion: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder can cause the structural damage of the hippocampus tissue and treadmill exercises with Ritalin consumption may improve the damage to the hippocampal structure

The effect of eight weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the serum levels of chemerin, omentin-1 and apelin on overweight female Sprague-Dawley rats

Introdution: Adipokines play various biological roles, which are related to the following items, including body mass index changes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight-weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum levels of chemerin, omentin-1 and apelin on overweight female Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: In this study, 16 obese rats were randomly divided into two groups: 8 rats in the control group and 8 rats in the experimental group. For eight weeks, the experimental group did HIIT exercises based on an exercise program five days a week, while the control group had no training program. After eight weeks, an independent t-test was used for data analysis. Results: The results showed that there was no significant difference between chemerin serum levels in rats that had undergone an intensive exercise program as compared to the control group (p=0.079). On the other hand, there was a significant difference between serum levels of omentin-1 (P = 0.034) and apelin (P = 0.044). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study as well as the importance in adipokine level changes, it seems that HIIT exercise can be an important and useful factor for regulation of adipose tissue hormones (adipokines), and healthy and sick individuals can do this kind of activity according to their ability