Protective effect Spirulina against Monosodium glutamate-induced hepatic dysfunction: A biochemical, molecular, and histopathological study

Background: This study aimed to investigate the role of spirulina against Monosodium glutamate (MSG) induced hepatic dysfunction as an in vivo study in a rat model. Methods: In this study, 28 rats were divided into four groups (i) controls, (ii) spirulina, (iii) MSG and (MSG + spirulina). Each group consists of 7 rats. The first group is considered as a normal group and consists of the availability of food and water without any restrictions. The second group involves 1000 mg/kg bw spirulina extract daily for ten days. The third group is the positive intoxicated group, given orally 4 g/kg bw monosodium glutamate (MSG) for ten days. The final group is orally administered Spirulina and MSG for ten days. Within each of the four groups, serum, qPCR, histology, and immunohistochemistry were examined. Results: Biochemical and antioxidant analysis showed a significant association with MSG and MSG + spirulina, and molecular analysis revealed a significant association with Nrf2, HO-1, BCl2, and β-actin genes. Histological analysis showed modest congestion of the central vein, intact hepatocytes organized in cords, and mild sinusoidal dilatation in the Centro lobular area of the liver of the spirulina-treated group. The H&E stain was documented to be 50–200 m bar. The liver section analysis in NF-κB, TGF-β and COX-2 showed a protective effect. Conclusion: This study concludes as the combination of MSG and spirulina has a protective effect. However, MSG has shown an elevated role among all groups

<i>Moringa oleifera</i> and <i>Azadirachta indica</i> Leaves Enriched Diets Mitigate Chronic Oxyfluorfen Toxicity Induced Immunosuppression through Disruption of Pro/Anti-Inflammatory Gene Pathways, Alteration of Antioxidant Gene Expression, and Histopathological Alteration in <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i>

Our goal in this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera), and Azadirachta indica (A. indica) leaves in mitigating the effects of chronic oxyfluorfen (OXY) toxicity on the health status, expressions of immune and antioxidant genes, and tissue morphological alterations in Oreochromis niloticus. In this study, we used 370 healthy O. niloticus (average weight = 25.35 ± 0.29 g). We used 70 fish to study the 96 h lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of OXY. We assigned another 300 fish into six equal groups with five replicates (50 fish/group, 10 fish/replicate) to determine the chronic OXY toxicity for 60 days. The 96 h LC50 of OXY for O. niloticus was 6.685 mg/L. Exposure to 1/10 96 h LC50 of OXY (0.668 mg/L) had health impacts and pathological changes in the main tissues. In addition, the expressions of oxidant and immune genes were disrupted. Dietary supplementation with both M. oleifera and A. indica efficiently mitigated the toxic effects of OXY in the treated groups. Comparing the palliative efficiency of M. oleifera and A. indica, the results showed that M. oleifera was more potent in alleviating the toxic effects of OXY