Proteomics in the Light of Integral Value Transformations

In this paper, Proteomics have been studied in the light of Integral Value Transformations (IVTs) which was introduced by Sk. S. Hassan et al in 2010. For case study, a Human olfactory receptor OR1D2 protein sequence has been taken and then different IVTs have been used to evolve OR1D2 into some other proteomic like sequences. It has been observed that some of the generated sequences have been mapped to another olfactory receptor in Human or in some other species. Also it has been corroborated through fractal dimension that some of the fundamental protein properties have been nearly intact, even after the mapping. This study will help to comprehend the proteomic evolutionary network with the help of IVTs

Underlying Mathematics in Diversification of Human Olfactory Receptors in Different Loci

As per conservative estimate, approximately (51-105) Olfactory Receptors (ORs) loci are present in human genome occurring in clusters. These clusters are apparently unevenly spread as mosaics over 21 pair of human chromosomes. Olfactory Receptor (OR) gene families which are thought to have expanded for the need to provide recognition capability for huge number of pure and complex odorants. ORs form the largest known multi-gene family in the human genome. Recent studies have shown that 388 full length and 414 OR pseudo-genes are present in these OR genomic clusters. In this paper, the authors report a classification method for all human ORs based on their sequential quantitative information like presence of poly strings of nucleotides bases, long range correlation and so on. An L-System generated sequence has been taken as an input into a star-model of specific subfamily members and resultant sequence has been mapped to a specific OR based on the classification scheme using fractal parameters like Hurst exponent and fractal dimensions

A Quantitative Model for Human Olfactory Receptors

A wide variety of chemicals having distinct odors are smelled by humans. Odor perception initiates in the nose, where it is detected by a large family of olfactory receptors (ORs). Based on divergence of evolutionary model, a sequence of human ORs database has been proposed by D. Lancet et al (2000, 2006). It is quite impossible to infer whether a given sequence of nucleotides is a human OR or not, without any biological experimental validation. In our perspective, a proper quantitative understanding of these ORs is required to justify or nullify whether a given sequence is a human OR or not. In this paper, all human OR sequences have been quantified, and a set of clusters have been made using the quantitative results based on two different metrics. Using this proposed quantitative model, one can easily make probable justification or deterministic nullification whether a given sequence of nucleotides is a probable human OR homologue or not, without seeking any biological experiment. Of course a further biological experiment is essential to validate the probable human OR homologue

Quadruple context-free L-System mathematical tools as origin of biological evolution

It is well known that A, T, G, C annealed together early in evolution and the long stretch of DNA was found which ultimately resulted into chromosomes of different organisms. But it is unclear till date how exons, introns, conserved protein domains was formed. Using the DNA sequences of the largest known gene-family present in human genome, i.e., olfactory receptors and simplest possible quadruple context-free L-Systems, we show that conserved protein domains and intergenic regions which lies at the heart of the biological evolution started with a sixteen base-pairs stretch of DNA

A novel mathematical tool for generating highly conserved protein domain via different organismal genomic landscapes

Darwinian evolution hypothesizes that a short stretch of DNA was first constructed and then it expanded to give rise to a long strand. This long strand then produced a mix of exons, introns and repetitive DNA sequence. The order of production of above three kinds of DNA sequence is unknown. Reshuffling of stretches of DNA like above within organisms has given rise to different chromosomes. Till date it is not known how this process is governed. In this paper we show that starting with a sixteen base-pair human olfactory DNA sequence one can form a highly conserved protein domain. Once this domain is formed repetitive DNA sequences of a particular kind starts generating which signifies that this particular conserved protein domain will be unique in nature. The entire mathematical exercise presented in this paper is based on simplest possible context free L-System which we think has been adopted by biological system in general