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Not AvailableInthepresentstudy,ahydatidcystwasreportedinthelungofanlndiandromedarycamelduringpostmortem examination and it was investigated for genotype analysis. Total DNA was extracted from protoscolices and associated germinal layers of hydatid cyst and used in PCR amplification of mitochondrial eyfoc7#o777e C or!.c!¢se sctbw#z.I I (coxl) gene. The PCR product was purified, sequenced and analysed using bioinformatics tools. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolate clustered with fchi.7iococct4s c¢"¢de77s.s genotype 6 (G6). The circulation of the camel genotype (G6) in the Indian one-humped camel is reported for the first time in this study, which indicates that dromedary camel has an important role in the continuation of the £. ccz7t¢de77s!.s life cycle.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSurvey was carried out to investigate the occurrence of bacterial and fungal diseases in camels in thickly camel populated areas in semi-arid and arid climatic conditions of Rajasthan state. Amongst skin infections, fungal infections were more prevalent than the bacterial infections. Skin infections were observed more in the winter season preceding rainy season and were more prevalent in young calves of less than one year of age followed by aged (>15 yrs), active grower (1-5 yrs) and adults (5-15 yrs). A total of 32 species of various fungi were isolated and identified from camel skin infections. Mastitis was mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and was more prevalent in peak yielders between 6-12 years of age. Incidence of abortion was found to increase with the advancement in the age of the animal. One serum sample from aborted field cases was positive for antibrucella antibodies, whereas all samples from pregnant animals of organised herd were negative for antibrucella antibodies. Only sporadic cases of actinobacillosis were observed and recorded. Actinobacillosis was more prevalent in summer followed by rainy and winter seasons. Actinobacillosis lesions were more prevalent in young calves and the incidence decreased with the advancement of the age of the animal. Diarrhoea was commonly observed in the rainy season followed by winter season. Fifty per cent of the diarrhoeic faecal samples examined were positive for Gram positive Corynebacterium spp. Pasturellosis was recorded as a herd out break after heavy rain fall in the month of November. Various bacterial isolates from different infections included S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Corynebacterium spp., Pseudomonas spp., Streptococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Escherichia coli and Pasturella spp. In considering antibacterial sensitivity, tetracycline is still found to be a very effective drug for treatment of various bacterial infections in camels.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableCamelpox is an important infectious viral skin disease of camelids. However, clinicopathological aspect of the disease has not been studied in detail so far. This study was carried out to investigate the clinicopathological changes associated with camelpox outbreak in a dromedary camel herd in India. The clinical signs, pathological lesions and haematological and blood biochemical parameters were studied in infected camels. For diagnosis, the scab samples were subjected to PCR for amplification of haemagglutinin (HA) gene of camelpox virus (CMLV). The camelpox infection was reported in total 55 (17.02%) camels of the herd. The age of infected camels varied from 1 to 13 years with significantly more incidence in camels of age group 1–3 years (61.81%) than camels of age group more than 3 years (38.18%). The infected camels showed clinical signs of fever, anorexia, lacrimation and characteristic pock lesions on the skin of lips, mouth, nostrils, head, neck, thighs, legs, abdomen and inguinal region. The haematological and serum biochemical parameters revealed anaemia and hypoproteinemia in infected camels. The histopathology of the scabs revealed hyperplasia of epidermis, hydropic degeneration of the keratinocytes and intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusion bodies. The PCR revealed amplification of HA gene of CMLV in all the scab samples collected from infected camels. The clinicopathological studies in camelpox infection will give further insight into the pathogenesis of the disease and can help clinicians in the effective management of the disease.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn the present study hematological and biochemical blood parameters of camel calves infected with contagious ecthyma were evaluated. An outbreak of contagious ecthyma occurred in monsoon season in the camel farm of National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner. A total of 42 camels were found to be affected aged between six months to two years. The hematological parameters (hemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, differential leukocyte count and packed cell volume) were compared between 14 infected and 6 non-infected male camels. The biochemical parameters (total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, iron, urea, magnesium, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin) were compared between 10 infected and 6 non-infected male camels. The hematology revealed no significant difference in any of the hematological parameters except significantly increased lymphocyte percent in contagious ecthyma infected camels compared to non-infected camels, whereas serum biochemical parameters revealed significantly decreased (p<0.05) total protein, globulin and glucose values and significantly increased (p<0.05) alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values in contagious ecthyma infected camels as compared to non-infected camels.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSarcocystis species are intracellular protozoan parasites with a requisite 2 host life cycle based on a prey-predator (intermediate- definitive) host relationship (Fayer, 2004). The disease is zoonotic and has been reported worldwide (Hamidinejat et al, 2013). Sarcocystis cameli is the only species of sarcocysts reported from camel for which the dog remains the final host (Boid et al, 1985). The Sarcocystis infections in livestock are usually self-limiting, of short duration, and often asymptomatic. However, acute infections can result in loss of weight, anaemia, haemorrhages in skeletal and heart muscles and abortion (Dubey et al, 1989). Studies in India point to a vast reservoir of infection with high prevalence rates in cattle and other livestock species (Chhabra and Samantaray, 2013). However, Sarcocystis infection in camels has remained totally unexplored so far in India.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSarcocystis species are intracellular protozoan parasites with a requisite 2 host life cycle based on a prey-predator (intermediate- definitive) host relationship (Fayer, 2004). The disease is zoonotic and has been reported worldwide (Hamidinejat et al, 2013). Sarcocystis cameli is the only species of sarcocysts reported from camel for which the dog remains the final host (Boid et al, 1985). The Sarcocystis infections in livestock are usually self-limiting, of short duration, and often asymptomatic. However, acute infections can result in loss of weight, anaemia, haemorrhages in skeletal and heart muscles and abortion (Dubey et al, 1989). Studies in India point to a vast reservoir of infection with high prevalence rates in cattle and other livestock species (Chhabra and Samantaray, 2013). However, Sarcocystis infection in camels has remained totally unexplored so far in India.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableSarcocystis species are intracellular protozoan parasites with a requisite 2 host life cycle based on a prey-predator (intermediate- definitive) host relationship (Fayer, 2004). The disease is zoonotic and has been reported worldwide (Hamidinejat et al, 2013). Sarcocystis cameli is the only species of sarcocysts reported from camel for which the dog remains the final host (Boid et al, 1985). The Sarcocystis infections in livestock are usually self-limiting, of short duration, and often asymptomatic. However, acute infections can result in loss of weight, anaemia, haemorrhages in skeletal and heart muscles and abortion (Dubey et al, 1989). Studies in India point to a vast reservoir of infection with high prevalence rates in cattle and other livestock species (Chhabra and Samantaray, 2013). However, Sarcocystis infection in camels has remained totally unexplored so far in India.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA diseased camel can transmit many infectious and parasitic diseases to human beings. This review describes important zoonotic diseases of camel and measures to safeguard the animal and public health. Diseases like camel pox, mange, anthrax, MERS coronavirus inection, rabies and leptospirosis can be transmitted by direct contact, aerosols, droplets, saliva or bite of the infected animal. Many diseases like brucellosis, tuberculosis, scarlet fever, diarrhea, dysentery, Q fever, typhoid and diphtheria can occur after consumption of unhygienic camel milk. Diseases like Cystic hydatidosis and toxoplasmosis is usually transmitted through infected camel meat. Camel-handlers, veterinarians and persons consuming camel milk and meat are therefore, at high risk if diseases transmission. Adoption of hygienic measures, consuming camel milk and meat after proper boling/cooking and treatment and prevention of camel from these zoonotic diseases through vaccination and treatment can help safeguarding human and animal health.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe present study aimed to document the sexual an maternal behaviour of Bactrian camel and compare them with Dromedary camel. The sexual behaviour of male camel was comparable in both species except for absence of extrusion of soft pallet, absence of poll gland secretions and less vocalization and grinding of teeth in Bactrian males. The body weight loss during breeding season was more prominent in Bactrian though poor availability of vegetation for grazing may be another contributing factor behind this observation. The copulation time in Bactrian is lesser than Dromedary camel. Estrous signs in both species were obscure. Maternal protective guarding behaviour appeared more proment in Bactrian camel in brief, the intensity and frequency of certain sexual and maternal behaviour vary in Bactrian and Dromedary camel though the basic features remains identical .Not Availabl