36 research outputs found
Immediate and delayed benefits of play behaviour: New evidence from Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Better Few than Hungry: Flexible Feeding Ecology of Collared Lemurs Eulemur collaris in Littoral Forest Fragments
Frugivorous primates are known to encounter many problems to cope with habitat degradation, due to the fluctuating spatial and temporal distribution of their food resources. Since lemur communities evolved strategies to deal with periods of food scarcity, these primates are expected to be naturally adapted to fluctuating ecological conditions and to tolerate a certain degree of habitat changes. However, behavioral and ecological strategies adopted by frugivorous lemurs to survive in secondary habitats have been little investigated. Here, we compared the behavioral ecology of collared lemurs (Eulemur collaris) in a degraded fragment of littoral forest of south-east Madagascar, Mandena, with that of their conspecifics in a more intact habitat, Sainte Luce.Lemur groups in Mandena and in Sainte Luce were censused in 2004/2007 and in 2000, respectively. Data were collected via instantaneous sampling on five lemur groups totaling 1,698 observation hours. The Shannon index was used to determine dietary diversity and nutritional analyses were conducted to assess food quality. All feeding trees were identified and measured, and ranging areas determined via the minimum convex polygon. In the degraded area lemurs were able to modify several aspects of their feeding strategies by decreasing group size and by increasing feeding time, ranging areas, and number of feeding trees. The above strategies were apparently able to counteract a clear reduction in both food quality and size of feeding trees.Our findings indicate that collared lemurs in littoral forest fragments modified their behavior to cope with the pressures of fluctuating resource availability. The observed flexibility is likely to be an adaptation to Malagasy rainforests, which are known to undergo periods of fruit scarcity and low productivity. These results should be carefully considered when relocating lemurs or when selecting suitable areas for their conservation
Reproductive Strategies in Lemur catta: Balance Among Sending, Receiving, and Countermarking Scent Signals
Our goal is to go deep into behavioral olfactory strategies possibly used by
ring-tailed lemurs in reproductive competition and to shed some light on the
function of female scent marks deposited outside the breeding season.We followed
16 captive adults at the Pistoia Zoo (Tuscany, Italy) for >1,500 h from
May 1997 to March 1999. Male direct and indirect olfactory investigation on
females showed complementary distributions, the former peaking during the
breeding and the latter during the birth season. Males are thus able to monitor
female reproductive conditions throughout the whole year. During the birth
season there was an increase of female genital marking. The olfactory advertisement
probably guarantees that the extremely brief estrus does not remain
unnoticed and allows male intrasexual competition a long period to operate.
Male indirect olfactory monitoring and countermarking on female signals
peaked during the birth season, which suggests that male intrasexual competition
is achieved both by getting female chemical messages and by concealing
them from other males. Female countermarking on other female genital marks
peaked during the breeding season. High-ranking females had higher frequencies
of countermarking than those of low-ranking females, which suggests that
the advantage of obliterating scent signals of other females is greater than the
disadvantage of revealing one’s own reproductive condition
Il sepolcreto a cremazione del Pozzillo (Canosa, Bari) dell'età del Bronzo: esame antropologico dei resti incinerati.
Analisi dei resti cremati dalla necropoli protostorica del Bronzo medio e recente di Canosa, Contrada Pozzillo (già Bari, ora BT): valutazioni preliminar
Development of olfactory behavior in captive ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)
We conducted a long-term research project (1996–1999) on developmental aspects
of olfactory behavior in ring-tailed lemurs to document the ontogenetic
sequence of olfactory behavior, including the possible presence of sexual differences,
and the maturation of scent-marking. The subjects were a group of
18 lemurs housed in the Pistoia Zoo (Tuscany, Italy), which we observed during
1,735 h via all-occurrences sampling, scan-animal sampling and ad libitum
sampling methods.We determined the time sequence of olfactory exploration
and of scent-marking patterns, and investigated sexual differences in timing
and frequency. We also followed the development of scent-marking through
the juvenile and adolescent phases taking into account the two aspects of motor
control and of the acquisition of social competence. On the whole, we found
that olfactory investigation appears and matures earlier than scent-marking.
Moreover, olfactory investigation of conspecifics appeared later than substrate
exploration, and seemed to follow a sequence of increasing level of acceptance
by the receiver. Social play is very important for the maturation of the gestural
component of scent-marking. The olfactory behavioral pattern appeared to
mature during the juvenile and adolescent phases. Although sexual maturation
had obvious influence on the development of olfactory behavior, the onset
of scent-marking patterns was only partially parallel to sexual maturation
Living in Islands of Forests: Feeding Ecology of Alouatta palliata in Forest Fragments at La Suerte Biological Field Station, Costa Rica
Facets of habitat quality which allow species persistence in forest fragments are an important aspect for primate conservation. Mantled howler monkeys (A. palliata) seem to be tolerant of habitat fragmentation, though the limits of this flexibility are not yet clear. In some areas, howler monkey densities in small, primary forest fragments are among the highest ever recorded for the species. We hypothesize that if high density is also determined by habitat carrying capacity; primaryvegetation should provide higher quality resources. Alternatively, if density is just the consequence of crowding, this would decrease the quality of the diet compared to that of monkeys living in non-crowded forests. To test these hypotheses, we studiedfour howler monkey groups at La Suerte Biological Field Station, North-eastern Costa Rica. Two groups occurred in a small primary forest with high howler density, while two groups lived in a large secondary forest with lower density. We collected behavioural data via a 5-min Focal Animal Sampling to estimate activity, habitat use and diet. Food samples were also collected and then analyzed to evaluate their nutritional contents. Moreover, we registered GPS coordinates and estimated home-ranges and mean inter-location distances. Our results show that primary forest food samples contained a significantly lower amount of fiber and a higher protein/fiber ratio than samples from the secondary habitat. Also, primary forest groups used larger feeding trees and moved substantially less than secondary forest groups. Our results support the hypothesis that the primary forest provides higher quality resources than the secondary habitat and, as a possible consequence, howler monkeys living in the latter have to move more to meet their energy requirements