Effect of fallow and non-fallow with sugarbeet on maize (Zea mays L.) performance in Guneid Sugar Scheme

يعتبر ترك الأرض بورٵ (بدون زراعة) لفترة محددة من أهم مكونات الدورة الزراعية لتحسين خواص التربة و قد يستعاض عنه بزراعة محصول بقولي حولي لتثبيت النيتروجين. يقترح زراعة بنجر السكر بمشروع سكر الجنيد وبعض مشاريع السكر الأخرى بالسودان للاستفادة من الأرض التي لا تجود فيها زراعة قصب السكر و لخلق نوع من الدورة الزراعية. بنجر السكر محصول حولي يشغل الأرض لفترة محددة و باقي العام يمكن زراعة محصول علفي حولي مثل الذرة الشامية. هدفت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة تأثير البور على إنتاجية علف غلة الذرة الشامية. نفذت التجربة في الفترة ما بين نوفمبر 2014 و مارس 2016 بمعاملتين (1) تركت قطع أرض بورٵ من نوفمبر 2014 حتى نوفمبر 2015 و (2) زرعت قطع أرض أخرى بمحصول بنجر السكر من نوفمبر 2014 و حتى أبريل 2015 ثم تركت بورا حتى نوفمبر 2015. زرعت كل القطع بمحصول الذرة الشامية في نوفمبر 2015 و لم تضاف أي أسمدة للتجربة وحصدت في مارس 2016. أستخدم التصميم العشوائي الكامل لجمع بيانات عن نمو وإنتاجية غلة وعلف الذرة الشامية. أظهرت نتائج الدراسة تفوق كامل للمحصول الذى زرع بالأرض البور على الأرض التي زرعت ببنجر السكر في كل الصفات المقاسة. كانت نسبة الزيادة كالآتي: 68 و 91 و 29 و 84 و 154 و 227% لصفات طول النبات وطول الكوز وعدد الكيزان للفدان و وزن المائة حبة و إنتاجية العلف الأخضر للفدان و إنتاجية الحبوب للفدان على التوالي. كانت إنتاجية الأرض من البور و الغير بور من العلف الأخضر 15.5 و 6.1 طن للفدان على التوالي، أما عن الغلة فكانت 0.72 و 0.22 طن للفدان. التوصية بترك الأرض بورا تقابل بعدة مشاكل منها الناحية الاقتصادية وإقناع المزارع بترك أرضه بورٵ لمدة عام كامل. كما أن الأرض البور تعتبر مرعى للحيوانات مما يسبب مشكل كتصلب التربة و تكوين طبقات غير نافذة. عليه يجب الإجابة على هذه الملاحظات قبل التوصية. إلا أنه في مشاريع السكر الأخرى في السودان و التي تعتمد سياسة زراعة قصب سكر بعد قصب سكر بدون أي بور وليس بها مزارعين، يجب اعتماد فترة بور مناسبة لاستعادة خصوبة التربة كما أنه في حالة زراعة محاصيل شرهة التغذية كقصب السكر و بنجر السكر يجب إتباع معاملة تسميديه واعي

Combining ability analysis for seed yield and its components in sesame

    Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) experiments, were carried out in central Sudan during the rainy season of 2009 at two locations (Abu Naama and Sinnar). The hybridization plan consisted of seven male and seven female parents giving 49 crosses following line x tester arrangement. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The crosses and their parents were sown on the 7th of July for all the experiments at both locations. The traits measured were days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule, capsule length, 1000-seed weight and seed yield. Analysis of variance revealed that genetic variability was highly significant for all the characters studied at both locations and across them. Combining ability analysis showed that additive gene effects were important for inheritance of days to 50% flowering, plant height, number of capsules/plant, number of seeds per capsule, capsule length, 1000-seed weight, days to maturity and seed yield, whereas non-additive gene effects were important for number of seeds/capsule, indicating that the inheritance of this trait is due to specific combining ability (SCA). Combining ability analysis showed that parents, L7, L5, T2, T5 and T6 were good combiners for high seed yield as well as for most of the other traits measured in this study. Assessment of SCA effects for seed yield at Abu-Namma revealed that hybrid T4 x L4 had a maximum positive SCA effect and a high per se performance followed by T2 x L2, T5 x L5 and T6 x L3, while at Sinnar T6 x L6 had the highest positive SCA effects followed by T6 xL3, T1 x L5 and T2 x L6. However T6 x L3, T1 x L5, T4 x L2 and T2 x L1 exhibited the highest SCA effects across sites. The present study suggested hybrids T6 x L3, T1 x L5 and T4 x L2 to be tested in multi-location trials for commercial utilization, while, parents L7, L5, T2 and T6 can be used in recurrent selection.    أجريت هذه التجارب في السودان أثناء الفصل الممطر عام 2009 في أبو نعامة وسنار بإتباع تحليل سلالة x مختبر line x tester analysis)) والذي شمل سبعة آباء ذكورmale parents)) وسبعة أباء اناث  (female parents) معطية 49 هجيناً. أستخدم تصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة بثلاث مكررات. زرعت التجارب في يوم 7 يوليو 2009 في كلا الموقعين. الصفات التي تمت دراستها شملت عدد الأيام حتى 50% إزهار، عدد الأيام حتى النضج، طول النبات، عدد الكبسولات في النبات، عدد البذور في الكبسولة، طول الكبسولة، وزن 1000 بذرة وإنتاجية البذور. أظهر تحليل التباين وجود فروق معنوية لكل الصفات المدروسة في الموقعين. أظهر تحليل القدرة علي التالف أن تأثيرات الفعل الإضافي للجين كانت أهم لتوريث صفات عدد الأيام حتى 50% إزهار، طول النبات، ارتفاع أول كبسولة، ارتفاع أول فرع، عدد الفروع في النبات، عدد الكبسولات في النبات، طول الكبسولة، عدد الأيام حتى النضج، وزن 1000 بذرة و إنتاجية البذور كما كانت تأثيرات الفعل الجيني غير الإضافي مهمة في توريث صفة عدد البذور في الكبسولة وهذه النتيجة تشير بان السيادة وتفاعلات التفوق تتحكم في تلك الصفة. أظهرت تأثيرات القدرة العامة للاتحاد إن الآباء L7  T5, T2, L5,و  T6كانت الأفضل قدرة على الاتحاد لإنتاج البذور بالإضافة لأغلب الصفات الأخرى في التحليل المشترك. الهجن التي أظهرت أعلى قوة  هجين في أبونعامة T5 x L5, T2 x L2, T4 x L4 وT6 x L3 ، بينما في سنار T6 x L6, T6 x L3, T2 x L6 و T1 x L5وعبر الموقعين  T6 x L3, T1 x L5, ,T4xL2 وT2 x L1. وجد أن هناك ارتباطاً موجباً لإنتاجية البذور لكل من وزن 1000 بذرة ، عدد الكبسولات في النبات وعدد الأيام حتى النضج. اقترحت الدراسة الحالية إن الهجنT1 x L5, T6 x L3  وT6 x L7 لإنتاج البذور أما الآباء T4، T1 ، L6و T6  فيمكن استخدامهم في التهجين الرجع

Effects of Genotype, Season and Nutrition on Sunflower Yield and Hollow Seededness in Gezira (Sudan)

A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of genotype, season and nutrition on sunflower seed yield and hollow seededness in Gezira. Five sunflower cultivars (Damazin-l, Hungarian-A, Rodio, Hysun-25 and Hysun-33), two nitrogen levels (0 and 129 kgN/ha) and two levels of phosphorus  (0 and 129 kg P205/ha) were used over two seasons (autumn and winter 2000) in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Data on 14 characters were collected. results showed that the percentage of empty seeds, self-compatibility 1000-seed weight and seed yield were significantly affected by and its interaction with season. The means of these characters were relatively higher in winter than in autumn season except for the empty seeds. The application of high doses of fertilizer had no significant effect on the percentage of empty seeds, and consequently lie phenomenon of empty seeds could be attributed mainly to genetical  and seasonal effects. The genotypes mean seed yields ranged from 1127 to 1899 kg/ha, with Hysun-33 giving the highest yield. Simple  and genotypic correlation analyses emphasized that seed yield was and positively correlated with days to flowering, harvest index , head diameter, seed number/head, self-compatibility, number filled seeds/head and percent seed set. Both analyses showed negative coefficients between seed yield and empty seeds. The percentage of empty seeds was positively and significantly correlated with plant height and number of heads/plant. The path analysis indicated that head diameter, percentage of seed set, days to flowering and seed weight  were the most important traits related to seed yield where as percentage of seed set, harvest index, and days to maturity were the  most important traits contributing to high degree of self-compatibility in sunflow

Genotype by environment interaction and stability analyses of grain yield of selected maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes in eastern and central Sudan

In this study, 22 open pollinated maize genotypes introduced from International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) and International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) plus two local checks (Var113, Hudieba-2) were evaluated over two seasons (2017 and 2018) and four locations, viz. New Halfa, Kassala, Gezira and Elsuki Research Station farms of the Agricultural Research Corporation (ARC) of the Sudan. The objectives of this study were to determine magnitude of G x E interaction and identify high yielding and stable genotypes under different environments. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Combined analysis of variance revealed highly significant (P<0.01) variation among environment, genotype, and genotype by environment interaction (GEI). This is an indication of inconsistency of genotypes in response to changing environment, the high influence of environment on yield performance among the maize genotypes and, also, the significant effect of environments indicated that the testing environments were significantly different from each other in yielding potential expression. AMMI analysis of variance for grain yield showed the environment contribution by (24.06%) of the total yield variation and genotypes explained only (9.84%) of the variation. Also, substantial percentage of G x E interaction sum of squares, explained by G x E (50.41%) followed by IPCAI (19.22%) and IPCA2 (15.52%) of the variation. Based on grain yield potential and statistical stability analyses, i.e. Eberhart and Russel model (1966) as well as the additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis, revealed that, the genotypes TZBR Eld-4-WC1, BR9922-DMRSR,TZBR Comp1-w, TZBR Comp1-Y and TZBR YPOP STRCY were  recommended for the high yielding favourable supplementary irrigation condition (over 3000 kg/ha) of New Halfa, Gezira and Elsuki while the genotypes TZBREld-3C5, TZBREld-4-WC1, HYDERAB, 97502 (RE) and ECA STRIGOFE-153 were recommended for the unfavourable low yielding (less than 1500 kg/ha) rainfed condition of Kassala

Heterosis for grain yield and its components in topcross hybrids of maize

    Development of high yielding hybrids with high vigor is the ultimate objective of maize breeding and the success depends largely on the identification of the best parents to ensure maximum heterosis for hybrid production. This study was conducted to estimate genetic variability and heterosis of grain yield and yield components  of seven local inbred lines and four introduced open pollinated varieties of maize (Zea mays L.) across  two irrigated locations (Medani and Matuq) in 2008. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The traits measured were days to 50% tassel, plant height, ear length, ear diameter, hundred kernels weight and grain yield. The crosses showed high genetic variability and tall plants than their parents which suggested some degree of hybrid vigor. The tallest hybrids across locations were T3 x L5 and T4 x L3. This indicates that the crosses were late maturing than their parents. The highest yielding hybrids had long ears and better shape, e.g., T2 x L1 and T1 x L7.The top five ranking crosses for grain yield across locations were T2 x L7 (3.45 t/ha), T1 x L2 (3.44 t/ha), T2 x LI (3.32 t/ha), T4 x L4 (3.30 t/ha) and T1 x L1 (3.13 t/ha). The highest percentage of mid parent heterosis for grain yield in Medani, was given by T3 x L3 and T4x L4; in Matuq, by T1 x L5, T4 x L5 and T4 x L6 and across sites by T1 x L2 (59%), T3 x l2 (45%) and T3 x L6 (50%). These crosses can be recommended for future testing in multilocations trials for commercial utilization.    تحسين صفات الإنتاجية لمحصول الذرة الشامية هي الغاية المنشودة من خلال التربية لإنتاج الهجن والتي تعتمد على تحديد أفضل الآباء وأكثرها قوة لإنتاج الهجين. لذا أجريت هذه الدراسة لتقدير التباين الوراثي و قوة الهجين لأربعة سلالات تربية داخلية وسبعة أصناف مستقدمة مفتوحة التلقيح من الذرة الشامية (Zea mays L.) تحت ظروف ري مستدام، موسم 2008 .استخدم تصميم القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة بثلاثة مكررات لتنفيذ التجربة. الصفات التي تمت دراستها شملت 50% لعدد أيام الإزهار المذكر ، طول النبات، طول الكوز، حجم الكوز، وزن المائة حبة وإنتاجية الحبوب.أظهرت النتائج فروق معنوية لكل  الصفات في الموقعين وأكثر تباينا وراثياً في طول النبات وفترة النضج.  وجد أن الهجن متأخرة في الأزهار وفترة النضج مقارنة بالآباء. أما  طول وحجم صفات القندول فقد وجد أن لها أهمية كبرى في زيادة  الإنتاجية وأفضل الهجن هي T1 x L7 و T2 x L1  .أعلى الهجن إنتاجية هى 3.45) T2 x L7طن/هكتار) و 3.44) T1 x L2 طن/هكتار)  وT2 x LI(3.32 طن/هكتار) و T4 x L4( 3.30طن/هكتار) و T1 x L1(3.13طن/هكتار ). الهجن التي أظهرت أعلى قوة هجين في مدني هيT3 x L3 و   T4x L4وفي معتوق للهجن T1 x L5, T4 x L5 و T4 x L6 وعبر الموقعين هى    (59%)T1 x L2و (45%)T3 Xl2   و (50%)T3 x L6. ومن خلال هذه الدراسة نوصى باستخدام هذه الهجن بعد إجراء بعض الاختبارات الخاصة بالإنتاجية في مواقع ومواسم مختلفة.     &nbsp

Combining ability for grain yield and yield components in local inbred lines and introduced open pollinated varieties of maize (Zea mays L)

ABSTRACT  The development of hybrids is the main objective of maize breeding. However, success depends largely on the identification of the best parents to ensure maximum combining ability. This study was conducted to estimate genetic variability and combining ability for grain yield and yield components of seven local inbred lines and four introduced open pollinated varieties of maize (Zea mays L.) across two irrigated locations, Medani and Matuq, Gezira, Sudan in 2008. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The traits measured were days to 50% tassel, plant height, ear length, ear diameter, hundred kernels weight and grain yield. Significant differences were observed among the parents and crosses for most of studied traits in both seasons. The crosses showed high genetic variability and tall plants than their parents which suggested some degree of hybrid vigor. The tallest hybrids across locations were T3 x L5 and T4 x L3. This indicates that the crosses were late maturing than their parents. The highest yielding hybrids had long ears and better shape, e.g., T2 x L1 and T1 x L7.The top five ranking crosses for grain yield across locations were T2 x L7 (3.45 t/ha), T1 x L2 (3.44 t/ha), T2 x LI (3.32 t/ha), T4 x L4 (3.30 t/ha) and T1 x L1 (3.13 t/ha).   The inheritance of most traits was controlled by non-additive gene action except ear height and grain yield. The best combiners for grain in Medani were T4, L4 and L5, while in Mutaq were L2, L4 and L6. The ratio of GCA to SCA variance for the most traits was less than one, suggesting that the inheritance was due to non additive gene effect with the exception of grain yield being more than one, indicating that inheritance of this trait was due to GCA effects, and was largely controlled by additive gene action in the base material. From these results it is recommended that parents T4, L1 and L6 to be used in recurrent selection, while, crosses T3 x L5, T1 x L5 and T4 x L6 to be tested in multi-locations trials for commercial utilization

Heterosis in Intra- and Interspecific Diallel Crosses Among Some Cotton Cultivars of Sudan

Estimates of mid-parent heterosis for seed cotton yield and its components were studied in six intra-hirsutum, six intra-barbadense and sixteen interspecific (Gossypium hirsutum x Gossypium barbadense) hybrids. The material was grown in 2000 and 2001 seasons at the Gezira Research Station, Wad Medani, Sudan. Highly significant variability was detected for all the measured traits. Two interspecific hybrids, Acala(93)H x B-Pima and Acala(93)H x Barakat-S, outyielded the best parent by 127.6% and 111.6%, and 116.2% and 114.4% in both seasons, respectively. The magnitude of heterotic effect was greater in the interspecific hybrids than in the intraspecific hybrids. Maximum heterosis for seed cotton yield, number of sympodia and bolls per plant and fiber quality properties was obtained in six interspecific hybrids, viz. Acala (93)H x B-Pima, Acala (93) H x Barakat-90,  Acala (93) H x Barakat- S, Shambat-B x B-Pima,  Albar(57)12 x Barakat-90 and Scala(93)H x Huda. This suggested that these hybrids can be used as commercial hybrids, hybrid performing doubled haploids and as source populations for further selection to improve cotton yield

Combining Ability of Yield Components in Half Diallel Crosses of Cotton

Combining ability estimates were studied for seed cotton yield and its components in eight cotton cultivars (four Gossypium hirsutum and four G. barbadense) in half diallel crosses in 2000 and 2001 seasons, at the Gezira Research Station, Wad Medani, Sudan. Combining ability analysis revealed that both additive and non-additive types of gene action were important in the studied traits. The G. hirsutum parents,  Acala(93)H, Barac(67)B and Shambat-B, were best combiners for seed cotton yield, and the G. barbadense parents, Barakat-S and B-Pima, combined best for increased number of bolls and improved fiber quality. These results suggest the use of three-way crosses, modified backcross or recurrent selection to improve yield, yield components and fiber quality, The intraspecific crosses, gave low specific combining ability (SCA) effects, suggesting that, with few exceptions, parents within each species would not be useful in single cross combinations to produce progeny having high yields and improved yield components and fiber quality, Simple linear correlation coefficients revealed positive association of seed cotton yield with number of sympodia, lint index, boll weight and 100-seed weight suggesting that emphasis should be laid on these traits when selecting for increased yield

Enhancement of Cotton Boll Retention by GA3 Treatment

Cotton quantity and quality improvement could be achieved by hybridization. Intraspecific and interspecific crossing is one of the ways to transfer desirable gene(s) combinations for crop improve-ment. One of the limitations that face the cotton crossing process is the high flowers and bolls shedding after pollination particularly in interspecific hybridization. During the course of an ongoing program to transfer resistance too bacterial blight from diploids to tetraploids cotton, we experienced excessive boll shedding after pollination. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of GA3 on flower and boll retention after pollination