The expression of androgen-regulated genes before and after a resistance exercise bout in younger and older men

Roberts, MD, Dalbo, VJ, Hassell, SE, and Kerksick, CM. The expression of androgen-regulated genes before and after a resistance exercise bout in younger and older men. J Strength Cond Res 23(4): 1060–1067, 2009—This cross-sectional study examined aging and resistance exercise–related changes in intramuscular gene expression in younger (21.3 6 0.6 years, 84.8 6 6.0 kg, 26.6 6 2.1 kg_m22; n = 11) and older men (67.6 6 1.3 years, 88.7 6 4.8 kg, 28.6 6 1.4 kg_m22; n = 13) surrounding a single bout of resistance exercise. Participants completed 3 3 10 repetitions at 80% of their 1 repetition maximum for Smith squat, leg press, and leg extension. Muscle biopsies were obtained before and 24 hours after exercise, whereas venous blood was collected before, immediately after and 24 hours after exercise. Free testosterone levels were greater in younger participants at all time points (p , 0.05), in addition to a greater increase in the younger men immediately post exercise (p , 0.01). Preexercise human growth hormone levels between age groups were similar (p . 0.05). Human growth hormone increased immediately post exercise in both groups (p , 0.05) with a greater response occurring in the younger (p , 0.001) men. Older men expressed greater levels of androgen receptor (AR) at rest (p = 0.02). A significant correlation existed between preexercise free testosterone levels basal AR gene expression (r = 20.59, p , 0.01). These data suggest that AR expression patterns may be related to circulating free testosterone levels. Although these findings do not fully unveil the genomic effects of androgen signaling and its relationship to muscle wasting conditions, these results provide a platform for future researchers seeking to employ gene therapy to remedy muscle loss

Effects of pre-exercise feeding on serum hormone concentrations and biomarkers of myostatin and ubiquitin proteasome pathway activity

Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine the acute effects of pre-exercise ingestion of protein, carbohydrate, and a non-caloric placebo on serum concentrations of insulin and cortisol, and the intramuscular gene expression of myostatin- and ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP)- related genes following a bout of resistance exercise. Methods: Ten untrained college-aged men participated in three resistance exercise sessions (3 x 10 at 80 % 1RM for bilateral hack squat, leg press, and leg extension) in a crossover fashion, which were randomly preceded by protein, carbohydrate, or placebo ingestion 30 min prior to training. Pre-supplement/pre-exercise, 2 h and 6 h post-exercise muscle biopsies were obtained during each session and analyzed for mRNA fold changes in myostatin (MSTN), activin IIB, follistatin-like 3 (FSTL3), SMAD specific E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (SMURF1), forkhead box O3, F-box protein 32 (FBXO32), and Muscle RING-finger protein-1, with beta-actin serving as the housekeeping gene. Gene expression of all genes was analyzed using real-time PCR. Results: Acute feeding appeared to have no significant effect on myostatin or UPP biomarkers. However, resistance exercise resulted in a significant downregulation of MSTN and FBXO32 mRNA expression and a significant upregulation in FSTL3 and SMURF1 mRNA expression (p<0.05). Conclusions: An acute bout of resistance exercise results in acute post-exercise alterations in intramuscular mRNA expression of myostatin and UPP markers suggestive of skeletal muscle growth. However, carbohydrate and protein feeding surrounding resistance exercise appear to have little influence on the acute expression of these markers

Efficacy and safety of a popular thermogenic drink after 28 days of ingestion

Background: We have recently demonstrated that consuming a thermogenic drink (TD) acutely increases energy expenditure and serum markers of lipolysis in healthy, college-aged individuals. The purpose of this study was to determine if consuming TD over 28 days affects its acute thermogenic and lipolytic effects as well as body composition and clinical chemistry safety markers. Methods: Sixty healthy, males (mean ± SE; 23 ± 1 years, 177 ± 2 cm, 81.7 ± 2.1 kg, 22.8 ± 1.4% body fat; n = 30) and females (23 ± 1 years, 166 ± 2 cm, 62.1 ± 1.8 kg, 28.3 ± 1.4% body fat; n = 30) reported to the laboratory on day 0 (T1) for determination of body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE) as well as glycerol and free fatty acid (FFA) levels before and after ingesting either 336 ml of TD or a non-caloric, non-caffeinated placebo (PLA) drink. Following day 0, participants supplemented daily with 336 ml•day-1 of either TD or PLA and repeated identical testing procedures on day 28 (T2). Day 28 area under the curve (AUC) values were calculated for REE, FFA, and glycerol. Day 28 acute data and prolonged AUC comparisons between groups were analyzed using ANOVAs with repeated measures. Results: Percent body fat (p = 0.02) and fat mass (p = 0.01) decreased in the TD group compared to the PLA group after 28 days. Day 28 FFA AUC values (p = 0.048) were greater in the TD group compared to the PLA group. There was no significant difference in day 28 REE AUC values (p = 0.30) or glycerol AUC values (p = 0.21), although a significant increase in REE values in the PLA group may have confounded these findings. There were no differences between groups concerning blood and clinical safety markers. Conclusion: Within-group elevations in FFA and REE values in the TD group were still evident following a 28-day supplementation period which may contribute to the observed decrements in ¿. Further, prolonged TD supplementation did not alter the assessed clinical safety markers. Future studies should examine the synergistic and independent effects of the active ingredients in addition to effects of longer ingestion periods of TD ingestion with or without exercise at promoting and sustaining changes in body composition

Effects of a mineral antioxidant complex on clinical safety, body water, lactate response, and aerobic performance in response to exhaustive exercise

This investigation examined the safety and efficacy of a silica-based mineral antioxidant complex (MAC) that has been suggested to influence body water and buffer lactate. Methods: In a double-blind, randomized crossover design, male participants completed testing for 3 conditions: water only (baseline), rice flour (placebo), and MAC supplementation. Participants visited the laboratory on 5 occasions: familiarization, baseline, Testing Day 1, washout, and Testing Day 2. Baseline and Testing Days 1 and 2 consisted of fasting blood, pre- to postexercise body-water assessment and determination of VO2peak on a cycle ergometer. The supplementation protocols were separated by 1 wk and balanced to minimize an order effect. Results: No differences between conditions were found for heart rate, blood pressure, or serum-safety markers (p > .05). Before exercise there were no differences between conditions for total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), or extracellular water (ECW). No significant interactive effects for supplementation and exercise were found for TBW, ICW, or ECW (p > .05). A time effect for TBW (p < .01) and ICW (p < .001) was present. Within-group changes in TBW occurred in the MAC condition, and within-group changes for ICW occurred in the MAC and placebo conditions. Ratings of perceived exertion and blood lactate increased (p < .05) with exercise. No significant effects were found for performance variables. Conclusions: MAC supplementation had no impact on aerobic exercise performance and lactate response. Increases in TBW and ICW occurred after MAC consumption, but these changes appeared to have minimal physiological impact

Effects of preexercise feeding on markers of satellite cell activation

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if consuming isoenergetic (25 g) doses of carbohydrate or protein versus a noncaloric placebo before conventional resistance training affected the myogenic expression of cell cycle–regulating genes as well as the muscle [DNA] acutely after exercise. Methods: Ten untrained men (mean T SD: age = 22 T 4 yr, body mass = 77.8 T 8.3 kg, percent body fat = 17.8 T 4.0) participated in three resistance exercise sessions (three sets of 10 repetitions at 80% one-repetition maximum for the bilateral hack squat, leg press, and leg extension exercises) in a crossover fashion, which were preceded by carbohydrate, protein, or placebo ingestion 30 min before training. Presupplement/preexercise and 2- and 6-h postexercise muscle biopsies were obtained during each session and analyzed for fold changes in CDK4, CYCLIN D1, MGF, MYOD, P21CIP1, and P27KIP1 messenger RNA expression using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction as well as muscle [DNA] using cuvette-based fluorometric methods. Results: Nonparametric statistics were completed, and no conditions _ time interaction effects were revealed. Several exercise-mediated responses were found to occur independent of condition: 1) muscle [DNA] increased at 6 h (+40%, P G 0.05), 2) CDK4 expression increased at 6 h (+86%, P G 0.05), 3) MYOD expression increased at 6 h (+98%, P G 0.05), 4) P27KIP1 expression decreased at 2 h (j35%, P G 0.05) and 6 h (j59%, P G 0.001), and 5) P21CIP1 expression substantially increased 2 and 6 h postexercise (+1.250% and +4.670%, respectively, P G 0.001). Conclusions: The tandem DNA and cell cycle regulator gene expression analyses provide preliminary evidence to suggest that satellite cell activation and proliferation may be occurring at early postexercise time points after a conventional resistance exercise bout, a phenomenon that may seemingly be independent of preexercise macronutrient ingestion

Effects of age on serum hormone concentrations and intramuscular proteolytic signaling before and after a single bout of resistance training

Effects of age on serum hormone concentrations and intramuscular proteolytic signaling before and after a single bout of resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 25(1): 1–9, 2011—This study examined mRNA expression patterns for atrogin-1 and muscle ring finger-1 (MuRF-1) before and 24 hours after a resistance training bout. Furthermore, basal, 5-minute and 24-hour postexercise serum concentrations of cortisol and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and the relationships between these hormones and the genetic expression patterns of atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 were examined. Younger and older men completed a resistance exercise bout consisting of 3 X 10 repetitions at 80% of their predetermined 1 repetition maximum for Smith squat, leg press and leg extension. Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were obtained before and 24 hours after exercise. Basal and postexercise gene expression differences between age groups were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test, whereas separate 2 X 3 repeated measures analyses of variance were performed to analyse changes in hormone concentrations. Spearman’s correlations were performed to examine relationships between gene expression patterns and hormone concentrations. Serum cortisol was significantly greater in younger men before and 24 hours after exercise (p < 0.05), whereas serum IGF-1 was significantly greater in younger men at all time points (p < 0.001). Exercise significantly increased cortisol 5 minutes after exercise in both groups (p < 0.05), whereas older men experienced significant elevations in IGF-1 24 hours postexercise (p < 0.05). At baseline, MuRF-1 gene expression was significantly greater in older men (p = 0.03), whereas no age-related differences were found for atrogin-1 (p = 0.24). Fold change in atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 24 hours postexercise revealed no significant differences between younger and older men. Differential baseline expression of MuRF-1 may suggest a regulatory attempt by the aging transcriptome to accommodate changes necessary for homeostatic maintenance. An enhanced understanding of molecular and genetic level adaptations can aid researchers in developing optimal therapeutic and exercise interventions to mitigate decrements in force, power, and loss of muscle mass seen in aging and many clinical populations

Myogenic mRNA markers in young and old human skeletal muscle prior to and following sequential exercise bouts

This study examined how multiple bouts of conventional resistance training affected the mRNA expression of transcripts and a protein associated with satellite cell activity in human skeletal muscle. Ten younger men (means ± SE; age, 21.0 ± 0.5 years; body mass, 82.3 ± 4.2 kg; height, 178.4 ± 2.2 cm; percent body fat, 15.4% ± 2.9%) and 10 older men (age, 66.4 ± 1.6 years; body mass, 94.2 ± 3.7 kg; height, 180.9 ± 2.2 cm; percent body fat, 27.4% ± 1.8%) completed 3 lower-body workouts (Monday, Wednesday, Friday; 9 sets of 10 repetitions at 80% 1 repetition maximum). Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected prior to intervention (T1), 48 h following workout 1 (T2), 48 h following workout 2 (T3), and 24 h following workout 3 (T4). Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed to assess genes of interest, and muscle proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) was assessed using Western blotting. The CYCLIN D1 gene was expressed more highly in the older vs. younger men (p < 0.05), whereas the expression of all other genes and muscle PCNA were similar between age groups. MYOD mRNA expression increased at T2 (p < 0.05) and MHCEMB gene expression modestly increased (p < 0.05) at T4 relative to baseline expression values in the younger men. Baseline elevations in CYCLIN D1 mRNA expression in older persons may indicate that a compensatory expression of this transcript is occurring in an attempt to retain the muscle's proliferative potential. Increases in MYOD and MHCEMB indicate that 1 week of conventional resistance exercise may i crease myogenic activity, including satellite cell proliferation and differentiation, respectively, in younger men

Molecular attributes of human skeletal muscle at rest and after unaccustomed exercise : an age comparison

The current study examined muscle DNA and protein concentrations ([ ]) and the [RNA] (assumed to represent translational capacity), [RNA]:[DNA] (assumed to represent transcriptional efficiency) and [protein]:[RNA] (assumed to represent translational efficiency) in younger vs. older participants during a resting state. Further, changes in muscle [DNA], translational capacity, and transcriptional efficiency were analyzed 24 hours after an unaccustomed resistance exercise bout. Younger (20.9 ± 0.5 years, 84.0 ± 5.2 kg, 26.6 ± 1.8 kg m¯2; n = 13) and older men (67.6 ± 1.3 years, 88.7 ± 4.8 kg, 28.6 ± 1.4 kg m¯2; n = 13) reported to the laboratory and completed an unaccustomed bout of lower-body resistance training (i.e., 3 sets of 10 repetitions at 80% 1 repetition maximum for Smith squat, leg press, and leg extensions). Muscle biopsies from the vastus lateralis were obtained before and 24 hours after exercise. Baseline [RNA], [DNA], [protein], and [RNA]:[DNA] were not different between age groups (p> 0.05). Baseline [protein]:[RNA] was greater in younger vs. older men (p = 0.045), whereas 24-hour postexercise [RNA]:[DNA] tended to be greater in older men (p = 0.087). These findings suggest that a decrease in the efficiency of translational processes occurs in older human skeletal muscle, whereas global transcriptional processes appear to be unaltered when compared with those in younger men. In lieu of these data, it remains apparent that muscle-protein synthesis is impaired in aging skeletal muscle and effective countermeasures such as resistance exercise and nutritional adequacy must be undertaken by older populations to offset this phenomenon

IGF-1 splice variant and IGF-1 peptide expression patterns in young and old human skeletal muscle prior to and following sequential exercise bouts

Genes and proteins involved in insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 signaling are thought to be differentially expressed in older versus younger mammalian skeletal muscle following acute exercise. The purpose of this study was to examine how multiple bouts of conventional resistance training meant to elicit hypertrophy affect the mRNA expression of IGF-1EA and IGF-1EC (MGF) as well as the expression of total IGF-1 peptides in human skeletal muscle. Ten younger (18–25 years) and 10 older (60–75 years) males completed three sequential workouts (M, W, F) consisting of nine sets of lower body exercises with ten repetitions per set at an intensity of 80% of one repetition maximum. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected prior to intervention (T1), 48 h following workout 1 (T2), 48 h following workout 2 (T3), and 24 h following workout 3 (T4). RT-PCR was performed to assess baseline and changes in MGF and IGF-IEA mRNA. Samples were also assayed for total muscle IGF-1 peptides using ELISA-based methods. There were no baseline differences in MGF or IGF-1EA mRNA expression and IGF-1 peptides between age groups. Interestingly, MGF expression increased at T2–T4 in the older group relative to baseline values (p < 0.05), albeit muscle IGF-1EA mRNA