Penggunaan Bubuk Daun Ketapang (Terminalia catappa) dengan Dosis dan Suhu Inkubasi Berbeda Terhadap Embriogenesis dan Penetasan Telur Ikan Cupang (Betta splendens)

Ikan cupang (Betta splendens) merupakan salah satu jenis ikan hias yang dibudidayakan di Indonesia. Kegiatan budidaya ikan umumnya terdiri dari beberapa tahap, mulai dari pemeliharaan induk sampai pemeliharaan benih hingga mencapai ukuran pasar. Tahap awal dari pemeliharaan benih adalah proses penetasan. Selama proses penetasan, embrio sangat rentan terkena serangan bakteri, jamur atau mikroorganisme patogen lainnya. Sehingga diperlukan bahan yang dapat menjaga embrio agar terhindar dari serangan mikroorganisme patogen. Salah satu bahan alternatif yang dapat digunakan sebagai antiparasit, antibakteri dan antijamur adalah daun ketapang. Hal ini disebabkan kandungan bahan aktif daun ketapang yang dapat berfungsi sebagai antimikroba seperti alkaloid, saponin, tanin dan flavonoid. Faktor penting lain yang harus diperhatikan saat inkubasi embrio adalah suhu air. Suhu sangat mempengaruhi metabolisme embrio dan berdampak pada perkembangan embrio, laju penetasan dan tingkat penetasan telur. Diharapkan melalui penelitian ini diperoleh kombinasi perlakukan yang baik untuk embriogenesis, lama penetasan dan tingkat penetasan telur untuk meningkatkan produksi benih ikan cupang. Organisme uji yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu telur ikan cupang sebanyak 30 butir/wadah. Penelitian didesain dalam rancangan acak lengkap pola faktorial (RALF) dengan tiga taraf dosis bubuk daun ketapang kering per liter media pemeliharaan (0 g/L, 0,25 g/L, 0,50 g/L) dan tiga taraf suhu media inkubasi (24oC, 27oC, 30oC). Masing-masing kombinasi perlakuan diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi perlakuan dosis bubuk daun ketapang 0,50 g/L dan suhu inkubasi 30oC memberikan hasil paling cepat terhadap embriogenesis dan lama penetasan telur, serta tingkat penetasan telur (HR) tertinggi pada B. splendens. Kata kunci: Ikan cupang, daun ketapang, suhu, embriogenesis, penetasan telur.

Effect of Stocking Density, Feed Type and Feeding Time on Growth and Survival Rate of Whiteleg Prawn (Penaeus vannamei)

The objective of the research was to determine the effect of stocking density, feed type and feeding time on the growth and survival rate of juvenile whiteleg prawn (Penaeus vannamei) cultured in an extensive pond. A completely randomized design (CRD) was applied to a split-split plot design with three factor (stocking density as primary factor, feed type as sub-factor, and feeding time as sub-sub factor), giving 8 treatment combinations with 3 replicates (24 experimental units). Analysis of variance did not indicate any significant interaction between the effects of treatments on whiteleg prawn growth of any two or three factors (P > 0.05). Both stocking density (5 or 10 prawns/m3) and feed type (snails or corn) had a significant effect (P 0.05). Absolute growth of juvenile whiteleg prawn ranged from 2.16 to 7.03 g/prawn with a survival rate range of 60-100%.Keyword: whiteleg prawn, stocking density, feed type and feeding time

Pathogenicity of Edwardsiella tarda to Anguilla marmorata

The pathogenicity of warm-water fish bacteria, Edwardsiella tarda in eel (Anguilla marmorata) was investigated.  This study was designed using a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments of E. tarda concentration (2.52 × 107, 105, 103 cfu/mL) and three replicates.   Regression analysis showed that the lethal concentration fifty (LC50) of E. tarda in eel was 2.56 × 104 cfu/mL. The mortality of eel in all treatments occurred 24 hours after injection. Clinical signs of disease in infected eel were melanization, inflammation, necrosis, pale liver, exopthalmus, ascites, and petechial haemorrhage.Keyword: Anguilla marmorata, Edwarsiella tarda, pathogenicity, lethal concentration

The effect of viral infection on the relationship between the LOS cells and moulting stages of the black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon)

The formation of spheroid cells in the lymphoid organ of penaeid prawns has been suggested to be associated with infectious diseases either bacterial or viral. In this study, the abundance of lymphoid organ spheroid (LOS) cells, termed spheroid to total tissue (STT) ratio, in association with the moulting stages in Penaeus monodon that were experimentally infected with presumptive gill associated virus (GAV) was investigated. The experimental prawns were divided into 2 groups: A control group and a GAV infected group. The day post-injection was classified in three categories: (1) 1 5 dpi; (2) 6 10 dpi and (3) 11 onward dpi. The results showed that there were no significant effects of days post-injection, moult stages, lunar phase, and the size of the animals on the STT ratio (P>0.05). The relationship between the LOS cells and lunar phase was being masked by the significant interaction between lunar cycle and the treatments (P<0.05). In the control group, the ratio of STT was lowest at the new moon and highest at the full moon. On the other hand, in the infected (GAV) group, the ratio of STT was lowest at first quarter moon and highest at last quarter moon. The STT ratio was significantly higher in infected group than in the control group (P<0.05). In this study, sex also had a significant effect on the spheroid to total tissue ratio of P. monodon (P<0.05)

EMBRIOGENESIS IKAN CUPANG (Betta splendens)

Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) is a freshwater ornamental fish that has a potential both in the domestic market and international market (export). Some studies on biological aspects of the Siamese fighting fish have been conducted.  However, information on the embryonic development of the fighting fish is lack.  The study aims to determine the stage of embryonic development in fighting fish. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Aquaculture, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Fisheries, Tadulako University, Palu. The results showed that the development of fish embryo can be divided into several stages, including cleavage, morula, blastula, gastrula, and organogenesis. The egg of the fighting fish was hatch in 35 hours after fertilization. Key words: Betta splendens, fish egg, embryogenesis, and larva

APLIKASI PROBIOTIK PADA MEDIA PEMELIHARAAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN SINTASAN IKAN NILA MERAH (Oreochromis sp.)

Red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) has been widely cultured throughout the world. Red tilapia is generally cultured in intensive system to increase production. However, many problems could be aroused from intensive culture including deterioration of water quality and fish health. Probiotics can be applied to overcome these problems. Probiotics contain beneficial microbes that can decompose metabolic products and stimulate the cellullar immune responses, thus enhancing the health and the growth of the fish and maintaining the quality of the water in ponds. The study aims to determine the effect of probiotics on the growth and survival of the red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.). The study was designed in a completely randomized design (CRD), which consisted of 4 treatments and 5 replicates. The treatment consisted of treatment A (control) without probiotics, treatment B (0.01 mL of probiotics / 30 L of water), treatment C (0.1 mL / 30 L), and treatment D (1.0 mL / 30 L). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that administration of probiotics with different concentrations in the cultured medium had a high significant effect on the absolute growth of the red tilapia (P<0.01). The highest absolute growth (8,94 g) and survival rate (84%) were found in cultured media with probiotic dose of 1.0 mL / 30 L of water media.Keywords: Red tilapia, probiotics, growth, survival rate

PREVALENSI DAN INTENSITAS EKTOPARASIT PADA IKAN MAS (Cyprinus carpio L.) DI KABUPATEN SIGI

The current study was conducted to identify ectoparasites, infected organs, prevalence and intensity of ectoparasites in cultured common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Experimental animals were collected from ponds in 9 villages in 3 subdistricts in Sigi District. It was found that generally the common carp was infected by Dactylogyrus sp., Trichodina sp., Argulus sp., Epistylis sp., Chilodonella sp. and Ichthyophthirius multifilis. Infected organs consist of skin, fins and gills. The prevalence of ectoparasites per subdistrict was between 0.0 and 66.7 % and the intensity ranged from 0.0 to 3.0 individuals/fish. Key words: common carp, ectoparasites, prevalence, intensity

Total plate count and Salmonella spp. in de-boned milkfish (Chanos chanos) in Palu City, Indonesia

High total plate count (TPC) and the presence of Salmonella spp. in food products can cause health problems for consumers. De-boned milkfish products are popular with consumers in Palu City, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, but there is a lack of data on their safety. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate TPC levels and detect contamination by Salmonella spp. in these products. Samples of fresh and processed milkfish were collected from two de-boned milkfish processing sites: the Technical Implementation Unit for the Application of Fishery Product Quality Control (TIU-AQFP) and the Melona Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME) Group in Palu City. Microbiological assays included counting the number of bacterial colonies (TPC) as well as the isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. through biochemical tests. The study applied a completely randomized factorial design with three replicates per site and per product (12 experimental units). De-boning had a significant (P0.05) effect on TPC (1.26×103 to 2.20×103 CFU/g for de-boned milkfish compared to 4.28×103 to 2.94×104 CFU/g for fresh unprocessed milkfish). However, the types of bacteria identified in fresh and de-boned milkfish, including Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Citrobacter, were present at non-pathogenic levels. No Salmonella spp. contamination was found in the test samples. These results indicate that de-boned milkfish products from the TIU-AQFP and Melona MSME Group in Palu City are safe and suitable for human consumption. Keywords: Bone-free milkfish Bacterial contamination Pathogen assay Fish processing Food safet