Transcriptomic classification of genetically engineered mouse models of breast cancer identifies human subtype counterparts

Background: Human breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease consisting of multiple molecular subtypes. Genetically engineered mouse models are a useful resource for studying mammary cancers in vivo under genetically controlled and immune competent conditions. Identifying murine models with conserved human tumor features will facilitate etiology determinations, highlight the effects of mutations on pathway activation, and should improve preclinical drug testing. Results: Transcriptomic profiles of 27 murine models of mammary carcinoma and normal mammary tissue were determined using gene expression microarrays. Hierarchical clustering analysis identified 17 distinct murine subtypes. Cross-species analyses using three independent human breast cancer datasets identified eight murine classes that resemble specific human breast cancer subtypes. Multiple models were associated with human basal-like tumors including TgC3(1)-Tag, TgWAP-Myc and Trp53-/-. Interestingly, the TgWAPCre-Etv6 model mimicked the HER2-enriched subtype, a group of human tumors without a murine counterpart in previous comparative studies. Gene signature analysis identified hundreds of commonly expressed pathway signatures between linked mouse and human subtypes, highlighting potentially common genetic drivers of tumorigenesis. Conclusions: This study of murine models of breast carcinoma encompasses the largest comprehensive genomic dataset to date to identify human-to-mouse disease subtype counterparts. Our approach illustrates the value of comparisons between species to identify murine models that faithfully mimic the human condition and indicates that multiple genetically engineered mouse models are needed to represent the diversity of human breast cancers. The reported trans-species associations should guide model selection during preclinical study design to ensure appropriate representatives of human disease subtypes are used

Asparagus production guide

Production guide for commercially growing asparagus in Minnesota. This archival publication may not reflect current scientific knowledge or recommendations. Current information available from the University of Minnesota Extension: https://www.extension.umn.edu.Asparagus is a high value specialty crop and the earliest producing spring vegetable. It currently is priced as a gourmet item and will remain in this category until growing, harvesting, and processing costs can be reduced. Although production in the United States is concentrated in California, Washington, and Michigan, many other areas have great production potential climatically and geographically. The cost to establish an asparagus field is substantial, so the decision to grow asparagus is one that should be thoroughly investigated. This publication describes the cultural practices that must be considered to produce asparagus successfully

Targeting cap-dependent translation blocks converging survival signals by AKT and PIM kinases in lymphoma

PIM kinase expression in human lymphomas can influence the outcome of chemotherapy, and blocking cap-dependent translation can reverse PIM-mediated rapamycin resistance in murine lymphomas

Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Adult Study Protocol: Rationale, Objectives, and Design

IMPORTANCE: SARS-CoV-2 infection can result in ongoing, relapsing, or new symptoms or other health effects after the acute phase of infection; termed post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), or long COVID. The characteristics, prevalence, trajectory and mechanisms of PASC are ill-defined. The objectives of the Researching COVID to Enhance Recovery (RECOVER) Multi-site Observational Study of PASC in Adults (RECOVER-Adult) are to: (1) characterize PASC prevalence; (2) characterize the symptoms, organ dysfunction, natural history, and distinct phenotypes of PASC; (3) identify demographic, social and clinical risk factors for PASC onset and recovery; and (4) define the biological mechanisms underlying PASC pathogenesis. METHODS: RECOVER-Adult is a combined prospective/retrospective cohort currently planned to enroll 14,880 adults aged ≥18 years. Eligible participants either must meet WHO criteria for suspected, probable, or confirmed infection; or must have evidence of no prior infection. Recruitment occurs at 86 sites in 33 U.S. states, Washington, DC and Puerto Rico, via facility- and community-based outreach. Participants complete quarterly questionnaires about symptoms, social determinants, vaccination status, and interim SARS-CoV-2 infections. In addition, participants contribute biospecimens and undergo physical and laboratory examinations at approximately 0, 90 and 180 days from infection or negative test date, and yearly thereafter. Some participants undergo additional testing based on specific criteria or random sampling. Patient representatives provide input on all study processes. The primary study outcome is onset of PASC, measured by signs and symptoms. A paradigm for identifying PASC cases will be defined and updated using supervised and unsupervised learning approaches with cross-validation. Logistic regression and proportional hazards regression will be conducted to investigate associations between risk factors, onset, and resolution of PASC symptoms. DISCUSSION: RECOVER-Adult is the first national, prospective, longitudinal cohort of PASC among US adults. Results of this study are intended to inform public health, spur clinical trials, and expand treatment options

Generating the Group of Nonzero Elements of a Quadratic Extension of Fp\mathbb{F}_{p}

It is well known that if $\mathbb{F}$ is a finite field then $\mathbb{F^{*}}$, the set of non zero elements of $\mathbb{F}$, is a cyclic group. In this paper we will assume $\mathbb{F}=\mathbb{F}_{p}$ (the finite field with p elements, p a prime) and $\mathbb{\mathbb{F}}_{p^{2}}$ is a quadratic extension of $\mathbb{F}_{p}$. In this case, the groups $\mathbb{F}_{p}^{*}$ and $\mathbb{F}_{p^{2}}^{*}$ have orders $p-1$ and $p^{2}-1$ respectively. We will provide necessary and sufficient conditions for an element $u\in\mathbb{F}_{p^{2}}^{*}$ to be a generator. Specifically, we will prove $u$ is a generator of $\mathbb{F}_{p^{2}}^{*}$ if and only if $N(u)$ generates $\mathbb{F}_{p}^{*}$ and $\frac{u^{2}}{N(u)}$ generates Ker$\,N$, where $N:\mathbb{F}_{p^{2}}^{*}\rightarrow\mathbb{F}_{p}^{*}$ denotes the norm map. We will also provide a method for determining if $u$ is not a generator of Ker$\,N$

The Supreme Court and Technology

Panel discussion on the Supreme Court\u27s reaction to changing technology and the public\u27s ease of access to information on their decisions.Keith Bybee (Director of the Institute for the Study of the Judiciary, Politics, and the Media (IJPM); Professor of Law and Professor of Political Science, Syracuse University) discusses open source politics and why the Supreme Court doesn\u27t have anything to fear from the Internet. Tom Goldstein (Publisher and Co-Founder, SCOTUSblog; Partner, Goldstein & Russell, P.C.; Lecturer, Harvard & Stanford Law Schools) discusses the Supreme Court\u27s challenges to technology. Jerry Goldman (Research Professor of Law and Director of the Oyez Project, IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law) discusses criticism of the Supreme Court website and the effect of the website on the opaque institution. Nancy Marder (Director of the Justice John Paul Stevens Jury Center, Co-Director of the Institute for Law and the Humanities, Professor, IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law) discusses the Supreme Court\u27s use of maps, photos, and images in their opinions. Discussion follows.This is the second of five sessions from the Symposium on the Supreme Court and the American Public, hosted by IIT Chicago-Kent\u27s Institute on the Supreme Court of the United State

The Supreme Court and Technology

Panel discussion on the Supreme Court\u27s reaction to changing technology and the public\u27s ease of access to information on their decisions.Keith Bybee (Director of the Institute for the Study of the Judiciary, Politics, and the Media (IJPM); Professor of Law and Professor of Political Science, Syracuse University) discusses open source politics and why the Supreme Court doesn\u27t have anything to fear from the Internet. Tom Goldstein (Publisher and Co-Founder, SCOTUSblog; Partner, Goldstein & Russell, P.C.; Lecturer, Harvard & Stanford Law Schools) discusses the Supreme Court\u27s challenges to technology. Jerry Goldman (Research Professor of Law and Director of the Oyez Project, IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law) discusses criticism of the Supreme Court website and the effect of the website on the opaque institution. Nancy Marder (Director of the Justice John Paul Stevens Jury Center, Co-Director of the Institute for Law and the Humanities, Professor, IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law) discusses the Supreme Court\u27s use of maps, photos, and images in their opinions. Discussion follows.This is the second of five sessions from the Symposium on the Supreme Court and the American Public, hosted by IIT Chicago-Kent\u27s Institute on the Supreme Court of the United State