Labor Market Transitions in Peru

Traditional labor market analysis based solely on the net unemployment rate fails to explain the apparent paradox between a relatively moderate unemployment rate in Peru (around 10%, with a weak sensibility to wide macroeconomic fluctuations), and the fact that unemployment is one of the major issues in Peru. One possible explanation is that this static indicator of cross section net unemployment balance is compatible with high flows in and out of employment states. To address these issues we needed to conduct a dynamic analysis using panel data. Using the Peruvian national household survey (ENAHO), we constructed a panel of working age individuals at the national level for the period 1997-1999. Like previous work in developing countries, we found that there is an important degree of job mobility in Peru. We also found that most of the transitions occur between employment and inactivity instead of between employment and unemployment. We also showed that the rate of permanent unemployment is very low so that unemployment would be essentially a frictional phenomenon. Further, considering the different transition states, we elaborated an unconditional transition profile, including individual and household characteristics, like gender, age and education levels for example, associated with each transition status. Finally, after examining these labor market transitions and the possible sample selection bias, we estimated a multinomial logit model. This model allowed us to appreciate the (conditional) incidence of individual and household characteristics as well as the effects of different shocks on the labor transition states.

The Labor Market Impacts of Youth Training in the Dominican Republic: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation

This paper summarizes the findings from the first randomized evaluation of a job training program in Latin America. Between 2001 and 2005 the government of the Dominican Republic operated a subsidized training program for low-income youth in urban areas. The program featured several weeks of classroom instruction followed by an internship at a private sector firm. A random sample of eligible applicants was selected to undergo training, and information was gathered 10-14 months after graduation on both trainees and control group members. Although previous non-experimental evaluations of similar programs in Latin America have suggested a positive impact on employment, we find no evidence of such an effect. There is a marginally significant impact on hourly wages, and on the probability of health insurance coverage, conditional on employment. Finally, we develop an operational definition of the impact of training on "employability" in the context of a dynamic model with state dependence and unobserved heterogeneity. Consistent with our main results, we find no significant impact of the training program on the subsequent employability of trainees.

MOVILIDAD URBANA EN ECATEPEC 2010-2016

En México, el acelerado crecimiento económico dinamizó el desarrollo urbano, transformando la organización de las actividades económicas y la población del territorio nacional, en paralelo con el crecimiento poblacional del país desde la década de los ochentas hasta la actualidad. Se estima que en el 2015 hay ciento veinte millones de personas que viven en el país, y que un 77% vive en ciudades. En nuestro país la infraestructura desplegada se ha enfocado al uso del automóvil privado, y por décadas se siguió este modelo, ahora los habitantes de las urbes tienen la problemática de pasar más tiempo del necesario en el transito de la ciudad, generando un mayor impacto negativo económico, social y de competitividad. Se estima que 34 millones de personas se exponen a una mala calidad del aire, provocado principalmente, por los vehículos de combustión interna. De esta manera, los principales contribuyentes de emisiones contaminantes en la ZMVM son en primera instancia el transporte con un 46%, seguido de la industria con un 21% y el uso habitacional aporta el 20%. Siendo la gasolina el hidrocarburo más consumido por los habitantes refleja 7.58 MMm3 casi 59% del total. La propuesta de este trabajo consiste en buscar una alternativa sustentable a la movilidad del municipio más poblado del país, buscando potenciar sus fortalezas, creando escenarios favorables para el desarrollo y bienestar de la población, se trata de lograr la articulación del sistema de transporte masivo con modos de transporte no motorizados. Esos modos sustentables como caminar y el uso de la bicicleta traen consigo beneficios a la sociedad como: en la salud; en tiempos de traslado; en costos de operación; e integración social

Wronskian formula for confluent second-order supersymmetric quantum mechanics

The confluent second-order supersymmetric quantum mechanics, for which the factorization energies tend to a single value, is studied. We show that the Wronskian formula remains valid if generalized eigenfunctions are taken as seed solutions. The confluent algorithm is used to generate SUSY partners of the Coulomb potential.Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure, to be published in Physics Letters

Developments and challenges for a political idea of human rights

[Excerpt] Much ink has been spilt and hairs split in the battle between orthodox and political conceptions of human rights. No doubt, much in the confrontational approaches has been clarifying. There is a wide array of collected volumes and articles that illuminate obscure angles, pros and cons.1 But since John Rawls made explicit a seminal conception of international human rights in his Oxford Amnesty Lecture in 1993 we have also had a fair share of straw-figures and shadow-boxing between misrepresented positions.(undefined

Impact Evaluation of the Job Youth Training Program Projoven

This paper brings new evidence on the impact of The Peruvian Job Youth Training Program (Projoven). Compared with prior evaluations of the program, this one has several advantages. This is the first experimental impact evaluation of Projoven, and also the first to measure impacts over a longer period: almost three years after training. Additionally, the evaluation supplements data from a follow-up survey with administrative data from the country’s Electronic Payroll (Planilla Electrónica), allowing for a more accurate measure of formal employment. It also measures whether socioemotional skills of beneficiaries improved with program participation. The evaluation finds a high long term positive impact of Projoven on formal employment. It also finds certain heterogeneity of program impacts across subpopulations. Impacts on formal employment vary depending on the beneficiaries’ gender and age, with different patterns of statistical significance depending on the data source used to measure employment formality. Finally, it does not find significant impacts on socio-emotional skills

Potential Ecological Impact of Diet Selectivity and Bison Herd Composition

Behavioral segregation between the sexes of bison (Bas bison), coupled with artificially manipulated sex ratios of bison herds, might profoundly influence prairie ecosystems. Therefore, we measured carbon isotopes in hair collected from bison from the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve in northeast Oklahoma to determine if adult male, adult female, and juvenile bison segregate on the basis of botanical composition of their diet. Sex ratio of bison herds in the Great Plains and behavioral differences between sexes were used to assess potential effects of sex ratio on tallgrass prairie. Botanical composition of diet differed among the three bison groups, in that C4 grasses contributed most to adult bull diets and least to juvenile diets. Bison sex ratio in half of the herds surveyed was highly skewed toward females. Because of behavioral differences between adult male and female bison, different sex ratios in bison herds might result in different vegetation structure, composition, and patchiness