Penentuan Komoditas Unggulan Sub Sektor Perkebunan Dalam Kegiatan Perekonomian Wilayah Kabupaten Kampar (Riau Daratan)

Perkebunan mempunyai kedudukan yang penting di dalam pengembangan sektor pertanian baik pada tingkat nasional maupun regional. Perkembangan kegiatan perkebunan di Propinsi Riau menujukkan kemajuan yang semakin meningkat. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari semakin luasnya lahan perkebunan dan meningkatnya produksi ratarata pertahun, dengan komoditas utama kelapa sawit, kelapa, karet dan tanaman lainnya. Peluang pengembangan tanaman perkebunan semakin memberikan harapan, hal ini berkaitan dengan semakin kuatnya dukungan pemerintah terhadap usaha perkebunan rakyat, tumbuhnya berbagai industri yang membutuhkan bahan baku dari produk perkebunan dan semakin luasnya pangsa pasar produk perkebunan. Kabupaten Kampar merupakan salah satu Kabupaten yang terluas di Propinsi Riau dengan luas wilayah Kabupaten Kampar sebesar 10.983,46 Km2. Secara geografis terletak antara 01 0 00 40 – 00 0 27 00 LS dan antara 100 i 0 28 30 -101 14 30 BT. Berbatasan dengan Kota Pekanbaru dan Kabupaten Siak disebelah utara, Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi disebelah selatan, Kabupaten Rokan Hulu dan Provinsi Sumatera Barat disebelah barat, Kabupaten Pelalawan dan Kabupaten Siak disebelah timur. Secara administratif, Kabupaten ini terbagi menjadi dua puluh Kecamatan, dilihat dari segi ekonomi, total nilai PDRB menurut harga konstan yang dicapai Kabupaten ini pada tahun 2006 sebesar 3.518.943,72 (dalam jutaan rupiah) dengan konstribusi terbesar datang dari sektor pertanian sebesar 55,62%. Dengan besarnya kontribusi sub-sektor perkebunan 1.905,317 (dalam jutaan rupiah) didalam sektor pertanian dapatlah kita lihat bahwa sub-sektor perkebunan merupakan salah satu tanaman yang paling potensial dalam perekonomian, dan apabila ini kita kembangkan, dapat menjadi salah satu penopang dalam pondasi perekonomian Kabupaten Kampar, perkembangan perkebunan di Kabupaten Kampar yang setiap tahunnya mengalami kenaikan dari sisi sumbangan pendapatan kepada kabupaten Kampar akan berpengaruh pada peningkatan perekonomian di Kabupaten Kampar. Meskipun demikian, tetap ada persoalan yang di hadapi dalam pengembangan komoditas sub sektor perkebunan tersebut diantaranya yaitu belum jelasnya apa saja komoditas sub sektor perkebunan yang unggul atau memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan dalam memajukan perekonomian Kabupaten Kampar. Tujuan yang ingin dicapai yaitu “ Penentuan Komoditas Unggulan Sub Sektor Perkebunan Dalam Kegiatan Perekonomian Wilayah Kabupaten Kampar”. Dalam menentukan tujuan tersebut digunakan beberapa teknik analisis yang digunakan yang diantaranya yaitu berupa analisis kesesuaian lahan, analisis LQ (Location Quetion) untuk melihat tingkat produksi komoditas dalam memenuhi kebutuhan pasar ekspor dan analisis Shift And Share untuk melihat pergeseran hasil produksi dalam meningkatkan perekonomian Kabupaten Kampar. Sedangkan output yang dihasilakan yaitu berupa teridentifikasinya komoditas unggulan sub sektor perkebunan di Kabupaten Kampar serta komoditas unggulan sub sektor perkebunan yang ada di tiap Kecamatan Kabupaten Kampar dalam menunjang kegiatan perekonomian wilayah Kabupaten Kampar

KAJI EKSPERIMENTAL PERPINDAHAN PANAS KONTAK LANGSUNG PADA PENCAIRAN BAHAN BEKU (Experimental Study on Direct Contact Melting Heat Transfer of Frozen Product)

Asbstrak : Pencairan bahan beku perpindahan panas kontak langsung telah dipelajari secara eksperimental dalam penelitian ini. Daging merupakan salah satu bahan makanan yang biasanya diawetkan dengan pembekuan dan ketika akan dikonsumsi harus dicairkan terlebih dahulu sebelum dimasak. Kontak daging dengan permukaan tempat pencairan adalah fokus permasalahan yang diteliti disini. Berbagai konfigurasi permukaan dengan bentuk permukaan beralur telah diuji dengan menvariasikan variabel kedalaman alur, lebar alur, lebar permukaan kontak dengan bahan beku dan bentuk geometris alur. Pencairan bahan beku dilakukan di udara terbuka, di mana permukaan pelat pencairan dibiarkan berkontak langsung dengan udara. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa konfigurasi geometris C123 (alur sepusat, kedalaman alur 6 mm, lebar alur 5 mm dan lebar permukaan kontak 10 mm) menghasilkan peningkatan laju pencairan bahan dibanding pelat datar yaitu sekitar 45 % atau berkorelasi sebesar 1,44 untuk 100 menit awal pencairan, serta dengan penambahan kemiringan saluran alur akan memperbaiki laju pencairan. Hasil pengamatan daging beku yang dicairkan dengan pelat beralur menunjukan laju pencairan lebih cepat dari pelat datar pada daging berukuran 100x100 mm2 dengan berat 150 gram yang menbutuhkan waktu 15 menit. Pada geometri A (alur searah) diperoleh persamaan: . yang menyatakan korelasi laju pencairan terhadap variasi variabel kedalaman alur (a), lebar alur (b) dan lebar permukaan kontak (c) dibanding permukaan datar Keywords: heat transfer, direct contact melting, frozen produc

OPTIMASI FORMULASI TEPUNG KOMPOSIT, KONSENTRASI BUBUR BUAH BLACK MULBERRY(Morus nigra) TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK BERAS ANALOG DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN APLIKASI DESIGN EXPERT METODE MIXTURE D-OPTIMAL

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui formulasi optimal beras analog menggunakan tepung talas, tepung kacang kedelai pati jagung dan bubur buah blak mulberry berdasarkan program design expert metode d-optimal. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua tahap: penelitian pendahuluan yaitu analisis karakteristik bahan baku dari yang terdiri dari tepung talas, tepung kacang kedelai, pati jagung dan bubur buah black mulberry. Penelitian utama yang dilakukan adalah optimalisasi formulasi dengan menggunakan design expert 10.0. Respon dalam penelitian ini adalah respon kimia berupa analisis kadar air, karbohidrat, protein, antosianin, respon organoleptik termasuk warna, tekstur, rasa. Formulasi optimal beras analog dengan talas, tepung kacang kedelai, pati jagung dan bubur buah black mulberry berdasarkan dari 11 formulasi yang ditawarkan menghasilkan 1 formulasi optimal berdasarkan nilai desirabilitas mendekati nilai 1 yakni dengan formulasi tepung talas 43%, tepung kacang kedelai 5,924%, bubur buah black mulberry 19,076%, pati jagung 17%, gliseril mono stearat 1%, air 14%. Formulasi tersebut telah diprediksi oleh program dengan kadar air 7,782%, kadar karbohidrat 69,969%, kadar protein 3,878%, kadar antosianin 17,924% . Kata Kunci : Beras analog, Design Expert, D-Optima

Fast and Reliable Differentiation of Eight Trichinella Species Using a High Resolution Melting Assay

High resolution melting analysis (HRMA) is a single-tube method, which can be carried out rapidly as an additional step following real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The method enables the differentiation of genetic variation (down to single nucleotide polymorphisms) in amplified DNA fragments without sequencing. HRMA has previously been adopted to determine variability in the amplified genes of a number of organisms. However, only one work to date has focused on pathogenic parasites–nematodes from the genus Trichinella. In this study, we employed a qPCR-HRMA assay specifically targeting two sequential gene fragments–cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and expansion segment V (ESV), in order to differentiate 37 single L1 muscle larvae samples of eight Trichinella species. We prove that qPCR-HRMA based on the mitochondrial COI gene allows differentiation between the sequences of PCR products of the same length. This simple, rapid and reliable method can be used to identify at the species level single larvae of eight Trichinella taxa.High resolution melting analysis (HRMA) is a single-tube method, which can be carried out rapidly as an additional step following real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The method enables the differentiation of genetic variation (down to single nucleotide polymorphisms) in amplified DNA fragments without sequencing. HRMA has previously been adopted to determine variability in the amplified genes of a number of organisms. However, only one work to date has focused on pathogenic parasites–nematodes from the genus Trichinella. In this study, we employed a qPCR-HRMA assay specifically targeting two sequential gene fragments–cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and expansion segment V (ESV), in order to differentiate 37 single L1 muscle larvae samples of eight Trichinella species. We prove that qPCR-HRMA based on the mitochondrial COI gene allows differentiation between the sequences of PCR products of the same length. This simple, rapid and reliable method can be used to identify at the species level single larvae of eight Trichinella taxa

Consistency of Published Results on the Pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Madagascar: Formal Comment on Kolby et al. Rapid Response to Evaluate the Presence of Amphibian Chytrid Fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis) and Ranavirus in Wild Amphibian Populations in Madagascar

判型：B5，平成4年１１月30日[目次]バブル消えて思うこと新任教官紹介及び挨拶一番古い新しい大学維管束植物の遺伝子発現機構の解析のための基礎的研究留学感想トピックス学生サークル紹介学生部だより保健管理センターだより卒業生だよりへルン文

Involvement of patients or their representatives in quality management functions in EU hospitals:implementation and impact on patient-centred care strategies

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the involvement of patients or their representatives in quality management (QM) functions and to assess associations between levels of involvement and the implementation of patient-centred care strategies. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, multilevel STUDY DESIGN: that surveyed quality managers and department heads and data from an organizational audit. SETTING: Randomly selected hospitals (n = 74) from seven European countries (The Czech Republic, France, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Spain and Turkey). PARTICIPANTS: Hospital quality managers (n = 74) and heads of clinical departments (n = 262) in charge of four patient pathways (acute myocardial infarction, stroke, hip fracture and deliveries) participated in the data collection between May 2011 and February 2012. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Four items reflecting essential patient-centred care strategies based on an on-site hospital visit: (1) formal survey seeking views of patients and carers, (2) written policies on patients' rights, (3) patient information literature including guidelines and (4) fact sheets for post-discharge care. The main predictors were patient involvement in QM at the (i) hospital level and (ii) pathway level. RESULTS: Current levels of involving patients and their representatives in QM functions in European hospitals are low at hospital level (mean score 1.6 on a scale of 0 to 5, SD 0.7), but even lower at departmental level (mean 0.6, SD 0.7). We did not detect associations between levels of involving patients and their representatives in QM functions and the implementation of patient-centred care strategies; however, the smallest hospitals were more likely to have implemented patient-centred care strategies. CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence that involving patients and their representatives in QM leads to establishing or implementing strategies and procedures that facilitate patient-centred care; however, lack of evidence should not be interpreted as evidence of no effect

The incidence of liver injury in Uyghur patients treated for TB in Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region, China, and its association with hepatic enzyme polymorphisms nat2, cyp2e1, gstm1 and gstt1.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Of three first-line anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) drugs, isoniazid is most commonly associated with hepatotoxicity. Differences in INH-induced toxicity have been attributed to genetic variability at several loci, NAT2, CYP2E1, GSTM1and GSTT1, that code for drug-metabolizing enzymes. This study evaluated whether the polymorphisms in these enzymes were associated with an increased risk of anti-TB drug-induced hepatitis in patients and could potentially be used to identify patients at risk of liver injury. METHODS AND DESIGN: In a cross-sectional study, 2244 tuberculosis patients were assessed two months after the start of treatment. Anti-TB drug-induced liver injury (ATLI) was defined as an ALT, AST or bilirubin value more than twice the upper limit of normal. NAT2, CYP2E1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes were determined using the PCR/ligase detection reaction assays. RESULTS: 2244 patients were evaluated, there were 89 cases of ATLI, a prevalence of 4% 9 patients (0.4%) had ALT levels more than 5 times the upper limit of normal. The prevalence of ATLI was greater among men than women, and there was a weak association with NAT2*5 genotypes, with ATLI more common among patients with the NAT2*5*CT genotype. The sensitivity of the CT genotype for identifying patients with ATLI was 42% and the positive predictive value 5.9%. CT ATLI was more common among slow acetylators (prevalence ratio 2.0 (95% CI 0.95,4.20) )compared to rapid acetylators. There was no evidence that ATLI was associated with CYP2E1 RsaIc1/c1genotype, CYP2E1 RsaIc1/c2 or c2/c2 genotypes, or GSTM1/GSTT1 null genotypes. CONCLUSIONS: In Xinjiang Uyghur TB patients, liver injury was associated with the genetic variant NAT2*5, however the genetic markers studied are unlikely to be useful for screening patients due to the low sensitivity and low positive predictive values for identifying persons at risk of liver injury

A DNA Vaccine Encoding Multiple HIV CD4 Epitopes Elicits Vigorous Polyfunctional, Long-Lived CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Responses

T-cell based vaccines against HIV have the goal of limiting both transmission and disease progression by inducing broad and functionally relevant T cell responses. Moreover, polyfunctional and long-lived specific memory T cells have been associated to vaccine-induced protection. CD4+ T cells are important for the generation and maintenance of functional CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. We have recently developed a DNA vaccine encoding 18 conserved multiple HLA-DR-binding HIV-1 CD4 epitopes (HIVBr18), capable of eliciting broad CD4+ T cell responses in multiple HLA class II transgenic mice. Here, we evaluated the breadth and functional profile of HIVBr18-induced immune responses in BALB/c mice. Immunized mice displayed high-magnitude, broad CD4+/CD8+ T cell responses, and 8/18 vaccine-encoded peptides were recognized. In addition, HIVBr18 immunization was able to induce polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells that proliferate and produce any two cytokines (IFNγ/TNFα, IFNγ/IL-2 or TNFα/IL-2) simultaneously in response to HIV-1 peptides. For CD4+ T cells exclusively, we also detected cells that proliferate and produce all three tested cytokines simultaneously (IFNγ/TNFα/IL-2). The vaccine also generated long-lived central and effector memory CD4+ T cells, a desirable feature for T-cell based vaccines. By virtue of inducing broad, polyfunctional and long-lived T cell responses against conserved CD4+ T cell epitopes, combined administration of this vaccine concept may provide sustained help for CD8+ T cells and antibody responses- elicited by other HIV immunogens