Karyotypic divergence reveals that diversity in the Oecomys paricola complex (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) from eastern Amazonia is higher than previously thought.

The genus Oecomys (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) is distributed from southern Central America to southeastern Brazil in South America. It currently comprises 18 species, but multidisciplinary approaches such as karyotypic, morphological and molecular studies have shown that there is a greater diversity within some lineages than others. In particular, it has been proposed that O. paricola constitutes a species complex with three evolutionary units, which have been called the northern, eastern and western clades. Aiming to clarify the taxonomic status of O. paricola and determine the relevant chromosomal rearrangements, we investigated the karyotypes of samples from eastern Amazonia by chromosomal banding and FISH with Hylaeamys megacephalus (HME) whole-chromosome probes. We detected three cytotypes for O. paricola: A (OPA-A; 2n = 72, FN = 75), B (OPA-B; 2n = 70, FN = 75) and C (OPA-C; 2n = 70, FN = 72). Comparative chromosome painting showed that fusions/fissions, translocations and pericentric inversions or centromeric repositioning were responsible for the karyotypic divergence. We also detected exclusive chromosomal signatures that can be used as phylogenetic markers. Our analysis of karyotypic and distribution information indicates that OPA-A, OPA-B and OPA-C are three distinct species that belong to the eastern clade, with sympatry occurring between two of them, and that the "paricola group" is more diverse than was previously thought

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Estudos citogenéticos em roedores do gênero oecomys (rodentia: cricetidae)

The rodents are one of the most diversified groups of living mammals and also have a large range of ecological adaptations. The rodents, because of yours population characteristics, developed as the most specious group of mammals in Neotropical forests and one of the most interesting for studies of genetic variation and evolution among vertebrates. The genus Oecomys (Sigmodontinae) comprises approximately 16 species that inhabit tropical and subtropical forests in Central and South America. Six of these species are expected to occur in eastern Brasilian Amazon. In literature, the genus Oecomys has a large karyotypic variation, where the diploid number ranges from 58 to 86. In this study specimens of Oecomys paricola Thomas, 1904 from Belém and Marajó Island, northern Brazil, were investigated using cytogenetic, molecular and morphological analyses. Three karyotypes were found, two from Belém (2n=68, FN=72 and 2n=70, FN=76) and a third from Marajó Island (2n=70, FN=72). No molecular or morphological differences were found between the individuals with differing cytotypes from Belém and Marajó Island. Specimens from the Belém City region may represent two cryptic species because two different karyotypes are present in the absence of significant differences in morphology and molecular characteristics. The Marajó Island and Belém populations represent distinct species that have been separated for some time, and are in the process of morphological and molecular differentiation as a consequence of reproductive isolation at the geographic and chromosomal levels.FAPESPA - Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e PesquisasOs roedores representam o grupo de mamíferos viventes mais diversificados e com ampla diversidade de adaptações ecológicas. Os roedores, devido às características populacionais que apresentam, desenvolveram-se como o grupo mais especioso de mamíferos em florestas neotropicais e um dos mais interessantes para estudos da variabilidade genética e de evolução entre os vertebrados. Os roedores do gênero Oecomys compreendem aproximadamente 16 espécies que habitam floresta tropical e subtropical do Centro e do Sul da América. Destas, apenas seis têm ocorrência esperada para a Amazônia Oriental Brasileira. De acordo com a literatura, o gênero Oecomys apresenta uma grande diversidade cariotípica, com o número diplóide variando entre 58 e 86. Neste estudo, espécimes de Oecomys paricola Thomas, 1904 de Belém e da Ilha do Marajó foram estudadas usando analises citogenética, molecular e morfológica. Três cariótipos foram encontrados, dois de Belém (2n=68, NF=72 e 2n=70, NF=76) e um da Ilha do Marajó (2n=70, NF=74). Não foi encontrada diferença molecular e morfológica entre indivíduos dos diferentes citótipos de Belém e da Ilha do Marajó. Espécies da cidade de Belém representam duas espécies crípticas, pois dois cariótipos diferentes estão presentes na ausência de diferenças significativas nas características morfológicas e moleculares. Populações da Ilha do Marajó e Belém representam espécies distintas que foram separadas há algum tempo, e estão em processo de diferenciação morfológica e molecular, como consequência do isolamento reprodutivo a nível geográfico e cromossômico

Caracterização cromossômica e mapeamento genômico comparativo de Oecomys paricola e Oecomys auyantepui com sondas de Hylaeamys megacephalus (Cricetidae – Sigmodontinae)

The Order Rodentia represents the largest mammal order, with approximately 42% of species currently known. Rodents have 2,227 species, 468 genera and 33 families recent, the latter being raised to 50 if the extinct families are considered. Their huge variation in morphology, diversity of habitats and climates and food are the causes of this be most numerous and evolutionarily successful among mammalian orders. The Oecomys genus belongs to the subfamily Sigmodontinae (Cricetidae, Rodentia) with approximately 16 described species, distributed in tropical and subtropical forest of Central and South America. Previous cytogenetic studies suggest that Oecomys features large karyotype diversity, with the diploid number ranging from 58 to 86. In this study were analyzed by conventional cytogenetic techniques and multidirectional chromosome painting (using whole chromosome probes of Hylaeamys megacephalus) 18 specimens of Oecomys were analyzed, four were collected in the metropolitan area of Belém, Pará; two in the city of Santa Barbara, Pará; five in the region of Carajás, Pará and 7 in Calha Norte region, Pará. Specimes from Belém Environmental Park had 2n = 72 and FN = 76; specimes from Santa Barbara had 2n = 70 and FN = 74; from Carajás presented 2n = 70 and FN = 72. All this sample was identified as O. paricola. Specimens collected from the Calha Norte region had 2n = 62 and NF = 80 and were identified as O. auyantepui. The cytotypes described for O. paricola showed differences in five HME peaks, indicating 3 associations for this species. O. auyantepui showed five associations. Chromosomal differences found for O. paricola from different geographic regions suggest that these cytotypes belong to cryptic species. We suggest that these populations of O. paricola are a complex of species where the chromosomal differentiation already happened but not the morphological and molecular ones.CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorA Ordem Rodentia representa a mais numerosa ordem de mamíferos, com cerca de 42% das espécies conhecidas atualmente. Os roedores apresentam 2.227 espécies, 468 gêneros e 33 famílias recentes, sendo este último elevado para 50 se forem consideradas as famílias extintas. A enorme variação na morfologia, na diversidade de habitats e climas e na alimentação são as causas desta Ordem ser mais numerosa e melhor sucedida evolutivamente entre as ordens de mamíferos. O gênero Oecomys pertence à subfamília Sigmodontinae (Cricetidae, Rodentia) com aproximadamente 16 espécies descritas, distribuídas em floresta tropical e subtropical do Centro e do Sul da América. Estudos citogenéticos prévios sugerem que o gênero Oecomys apresenta uma grande diversidade cariotípica, com o número diplóide variando entre 58 e 86. No presente trabalho foram analisados, por meio de técnicas citogenéticas convencionais e pintura cromossômica multidirecional (Sondas cromossômicas de Hylaeamys megacephalus – HME), foram analisados 18 exemplares de Oecomys, sendo quatro coletados na região metropolitana de Belém, Pará; dois no Município de Santa Bárbara, Pará; cinco na região de Carajás, Pará e 7 na região do Calha Norte, Pará. Os exemplares do Parque Ambiental de Belém apresentaram 2n=72 e NF=76; os exemplares de Santa Bárbara apresentaram 2n=70 e NF=74 e os de Carajás apresentaram 2n=70 e NF=72. Todos estes exemplares foram identificados como O. paricola. Os exemplares coletados do Calha Norte apresentaram 2n=62 e NF=80 e foram identificados como O. auyantepui. Os citótipos descritos para O. paricola apresentaram diferenças em 5 picos de HME hibridizados, evidenciando 3 associações para esta espécie. Para O. auyantepui foram identificados 5 associações. As diferenças cromossômicas encontradas para O. paricola de diferentes regiões geográficas sugerem que estes citótipos pertencem a espécies crípticas, o que é caracterizado. Nós sugerimos que as populações de O. paricola são um complexo de espécies onde já ocorreu a diferenciação cromossômica, mas não diferenciação morfológica e molecular

The emergence of a new sex-system (XX/XY1Y2) suggests a species complex in the "monotypic" rodent Oecomys auyantepui (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae).

X-autosome translocation (XY1Y2) has been reported in distinct groups of vertebrates suggesting that the rise of a multiple sex system within a species may act as a reproductive barrier and lead to speciation. The viability of this system has been linked with repetitive sequences located between sex and autosomal portions of the translocation. Herein, we investigate Oecomys auyantepui, using chromosome banding and Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with telomeric and Hylaeamys megacephalus whole-chromosome probes, and phylogenetic reconstruction using mtDNA and nuDNA sequences. We describe an amended karyotype for O. auyantepui (2n = 64♀65♂/FNa = 84) and report for the first time a multiple sex system (XX/XY1Y2) in Oryzomyini rodents. Molecular data recovered O. auyantepui as a monophyletic taxon with high support and cytogenetic data indicate that O. auyantepui may exist in two lineages recognized by distinct sex systems. The Neo-X exhibits repetitive sequences located between sex and autosomal portions, which would act as a boundary between these two segments. The G-banding comparisons of the Neo-X chromosomes of other Sigmodontinae taxa revealed a similar banding pattern, suggesting that the autosomal segment in the Neo-X can be shared among the Sigmodontinae lineages with a XY1Y2 sex system

Karyotypic divergence reveals that diversity in the Oecomys paricola complex (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) from eastern Amazonia is higher than previously thought.

The genus Oecomys (Rodentia, Sigmodontinae) is distributed from southern Central America to southeastern Brazil in South America. It currently comprises 18 species, but multidisciplinary approaches such as karyotypic, morphological and molecular studies have shown that there is a greater diversity within some lineages than others. In particular, it has been proposed that O. paricola constitutes a species complex with three evolutionary units, which have been called the northern, eastern and western clades. Aiming to clarify the taxonomic status of O. paricola and determine the relevant chromosomal rearrangements, we investigated the karyotypes of samples from eastern Amazonia by chromosomal banding and FISH with Hylaeamys megacephalus (HME) whole-chromosome probes. We detected three cytotypes for O. paricola: A (OPA-A; 2n = 72, FN = 75), B (OPA-B; 2n = 70, FN = 75) and C (OPA-C; 2n = 70, FN = 72). Comparative chromosome painting showed that fusions/fissions, translocations and pericentric inversions or centromeric repositioning were responsible for the karyotypic divergence. We also detected exclusive chromosomal signatures that can be used as phylogenetic markers. Our analysis of karyotypic and distribution information indicates that OPA-A, OPA-B and OPA-C are three distinct species that belong to the eastern clade, with sympatry occurring between two of them, and that the "paricola group" is more diverse than was previously thought

Avulsão da espinha ilíaca anterosuperior pós traumática: relato de caso / Avulsion of the post traumatic anteroseor iliac spine: case report

Neste trabalho iremos abordar um caso clínico de Avulsão da Crista iliaca por fratura. A apófise da crista ilíaca é o local de inserção do músculo abdominal transverso, músculo oblíquo interno e músculo oblíquo externo. No caso das fraturas por avulsão das apófises da crista ilíaca, essas surgem a partir de forças de tensão exercidas por estes músculos agonistas, sendo essa contração superior à ação antagonista dos músculos glúteo médio e músculo tensor da fáscia lata. Quanto ao mecanismo de trauma, o mais comum é o trauma indireto, em que ocorre contração súbita do músculo que está fixado na crista ilíaca, associado ao movimento de rotação do tronco para o lado contrário