Distrès Oxidatiu en humans. Valoració en diferents situacions fisiològiques i patològiques.

El distrès oxidatiu és un desequilibri entre els sistemes oxidants i antioxidants. Aquests es poden alterar en diferents situacions fisiològiques i patològiques degut als RL. En aquest treball s'han estudiat: la insuficiència renal i el tractament amb eritropoetina, la malaltia pulmonar obstructiva crònica, la sèpsia i l'infart agut de miocardi. També l'embaràs i el tractament preventiu de l'anèmia amb ferro, l'envelliment, el gènere i l'estrès psicològic que provoca el període d'exàmens universitaris, juntament amb l'efecte de l'estil de vida en l'estrès oxidatiu.El distrès oxidatiu es quantifica amb la PDO (puntuació del distrès oxidatiu) i inclou la quantificació en sang dels següents biomarcadors: antioxidants de baix pes molecular [glutatió reduït (GSH)], enzims antioxidants [superòxid dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT), glutatió peroxidasa (GPx), glutatió reductasa (GR) i glutatió s-transferasa total, termoestable i % residual (T-GST, TS-GST i RGST)], productes de la peroxidació lipídica [substancies reactives a l'àcid tiobarbitúric (TBARS)], productes de la peroxidació proteica [glutatió oxidat (GSSG)] i marcadors de la susceptibilitat d'oxidació [hemòlisi].Hipòtesi: un model de puntuació global basat en biomarcadors indirectes és capaç de valorar el desequilibri entre els sistemes prooxidants i antioxidants tant en situacions de malaltia com fisiològiques, i permet detectar a què és degut el desequilibri en cada una de les situacions fisiopatològiques estudiades: a una major producció de RLO, a una disminució en la disponibilitat dels antioxidants, o a ambdues.Objectius: Definir, en la població sana, els rangs de normalitat pels biomarcadors sistèmics.Establir el pes dels biomarcadors estudiats en el model de puntuació global que ens ha de permetre valorar el grau de distrès oxidatiu en diferents situacions fisiològiques i patològiques. Aplicar el model de puntuació en diferents situacions fisiològiques i patològiques en desequilibri oxidatiu. I comparar la PDO amb un model estadístic de puntuació de discriminants.En individus control, la PDO es situa al voltant de zero punts, i en individus amb estrès oxidatiu, la PDO és superior a zero. Segons la PDO, els pacients amb IR no sotmesos a diàlisi tenen estrès oxidatiu, i aquest estrès es manté després de sis mesos de tractament amb EPO. També en tenen els pacients amb MPOC. En la sèpsia i l'IAM l'estrès oxidatiu apareix en el moment de l'ingrés hospitalari però no a les 24 i 48 hores, ni en el moment de l'alta. La PDO es manté als zero punts en homes i dones sans de tots els rangs d'edat. Les dones embarassades que prenen ferro tenen estrès oxidatiu a les 26 setmanes de gestació, i aquest és més elevat en les que no tenen anèmia. Els estudiants universitaris obtenen una PDO superior a zero abans i després dels exàmens universitaris, però l'estrès oxidatiu després és superior en els que no tenen hàbits de vida saludables.El test dels discriminants separara correctament els individus en grups utilitzant els paràmetres lligats al distrès oxidatiu i ens diu els biomarcadors que més s'alteren en cada situació estudiada. No obstant, ni indica quin dels grups té més estrès oxidatiu i quin és el grau d'estrès en cada individu, ni obté en un moment concret la puntuació d'estrès oxidatiu d'un sol individu.La PDO és un possible paràmetre clínic a tenir en compte a l'hora d'avaluar l'estrès oxidatiu de manera rutinària i individual, la seva aplicació és possible tant en el context de la malaltia com per al control d'altres situacions, com ara els efectes d'una vida no saludable. En tots dos casos, la informació que ens aporta el nostre mètode obre la porta a una possible prescripció de teràpia antioxidant, ja sigui de tipus farmacològica o dietètica.Numerous factors are related to oxidative stress (OS) in humans, which is particularly common in individuals with psychological or health problems. The following blood biomarkers were used to determine the oxidative status of healthy individuals: antioxidant enzymes [glutathione Stransferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR)], peptide peroxidation products and low molecular weight antioxidants [reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH, GSSG), GSSG/GSH ratio], lipid peroxidation products [thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)] and oxidizability measurements [haemolysis test]. The relationships between biomarkers were studied in a healthy group of individuals, and used to create a score of oxidative stress (SOS). SOS was clinically validated by applying it to a group of patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, sepsis, and acute myocardium infarction. SOS was also applyed in a various groups of healthy individuals and we studied the effect of sex, age, pregnancy, and lifestyle on oxidative stress. SOS was statistically validated with discriminating test. In conclusion, OS biomarkers were strongly related, and SOS was a useful clinical parameter for evaluating the effect of OS on the illness. This may be important in the future for preventing and treating OS with antioxidants

Targeting hepatic protein carbonylation and oxidative stress occurring on diet-induced metabolic diseases through the supplementation with fish oils

The present study addressed the ability of long-chain ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA), i.e., eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), to ameliorate liver protein damage derived from oxidative stress and induced by consumption of high-caloric diets, typical of Westernized countries. The experimental design included an animal model of Sprague-Dawley rats fed high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet supplemented with ω-3 EPA and DHA for a complete hepatic proteome analysis to map carbonylated proteins involved in specific metabolic pathways. Results showed that the intake of marine ω-3 PUFA through diet significantly decreased liver protein carbonylation caused by long-term HFHS consumption and increased antioxidant system. Fish oil modulated the carbonylation level of more than twenty liver proteins involved in critical metabolic pathways, including lipid metabolism (e.g., albumin), carbohydrate metabolism (e.g., pyruvate carboxylase), detoxification process (e.g., aldehyde dehydrogenase 2), urea cycle (e.g., carbamoyl-phosphate synthase), cytoskeleton dynamics (e.g., actin), or response to oxidative stress (e.g., catalase) among others, which might be under the control of diet marine ω-3 PUFA. In parallel, fish oil significantly changed the liver fatty acid profile given by the HFHS diet, resulting in a more anti-inflammatory phenotype. In conclusion, the present study highlights the significance of marine ω-3 PUFA intake for the health of rats fed a Westernized diet by describing several key metabolic pathways which are protected in liver

Fiber-like Action of D-Fagomine on the Gut Microbiota and Body Weight of Healthy Rats

The goal of this work is to explore if the changes induced by D-fagomine in the gut microbiota are compatible with its effect on body weight and inflammation markers in rats. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were fed a standard diet supplemented with D-fagomine (or not, for comparison) for 6 months. The variables measured were body weight, plasma mediators of inflammation (hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, leukotriene B4, and IL-6), and the concentration of acetic acid in feces and plasma. The composition and diversities of microbiota in cecal content and feces were estimated using 16S rRNA metabarcoding and high-throughput sequencing. We found that after just 6 weeks of intake D-fagomine significantly reduced body weight gain, increased the plasma acetate concentration, and reduced the plasma concentration of the pro-inflammatory biomarkers' leukotriene B4, interleukin 6 and 12 hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids. These changes were associated with a significantly increased prevalence of Bacteroides and Prevotella feces and increased Bacteroides, Prevotella, Clostridium, and Dysgonomonas while reducing Anaerofilum, Blautia, and Oribacterium in cecal content. In conclusion, D-fagomine induced changes in the composition and diversity of gut microbiota similar to those elicited by dietary fiber and compatible with its anti-inflammatory and body-weight-reducing effects

Effects of fish oil and grape seed extract combination on hepatic endogenous antioxidants and bioactive lipids in diet-induced early stages of insulin resistance in rats

Diacylglycerols (DAG) and ceramides have been suggested as early predictors of insulinresistance. This study was aimed to examine the combined effects of fish oil (FO) and grape seedextract (GSE) on hepatic endogenous antioxidants, DAG and ceramides in diet-induced early stagesof insulin resistance. Thirty-five rats were fed one of the following diets: (1) a standard diet (STDgroup), (2) a high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHS group), (3) an HFHS diet enriched with FO (FO group),(4) an HFHS diet enriched with GSE (GSE group) or (5) an HFHS diet enriched with FO and GSE(FO+GSE group). In the liver, endogenous antioxidants were measured using spectrophotometricand fluorometric techniques, and non-targeted lipidomics was conducted for the assessment of DAGand ceramides. After 24 weeks, the FO+GSE group showed increased glutathione peroxidaseactivity, as well as monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing DAG, andlong-chain fatty acid-containing ceramides abundances compared to the STD group. The FO and GSEcombination induced similar activation of the antioxidant system and bioactive lipid accumulation inthe liver than the HFHS diet without supplementation. In addition, the FO and GSE combinationincreased the abundances of polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing DAG in the liver

Combined buckwheat d-fagomine and fish omega-3 pufas stabilize the populations of gut prevotella and bacteroides while reducing weight gain in rats

Some functional food components may help maintain homeostasis by promoting balanced gut microbiota. Here, we explore the possible complementary effects of d-fagomine and ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA 1:1) on putatively beneficial gut bacterial strains. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were supplemented with d-fagomine, ω-3 PUFAs, or both, for 23 weeks. Bacterial subgroups were evaluated in fecal DNA by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and short-chain fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography. We found that the populations of the genus Prevotella remained stable over time in animals supplemented with d-fagomine, independently of ω-3 PUFA supplementation. Animals in these groups gained less weight than controls and rats given only ω-3 PUFAs. d-Fagomine supplementation together with ω-3 PUFAs maintained the relative populations of Bacteroides. ω-3 PUFAs alone or combined with d-fagomine reduced the amount of acetic acid and total short-chain fatty acids in feces. The plasma levels of pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid derived metabolites, triglycerides and cholesterol were lower in both groups supplemented with ω-3 PUFAs. The d-fagomine and ω-3 PUFAs combination provided the functional benefits of each supplement. Notably, it helped stabilize populations of Prevotella in the rat intestinal tract while reducing weight gain and providing the anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular benefits of ω-3 PUFA

The buckwheat iminosugar d-fagomine attenuates sucrose-induced steatosis and hypertension in rats

Scope: This study examines the long-term functional effects of D-fagomine on sucrose4 induced factors of metabolic dysfunctions and explores possible molecular mechanisms behind its action. Methods & results: Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were fed a 35% sucrose solution with D- fagomine (or not, for comparison) or mineral water (controls) for 24 weeks. We recorded: body weight; energy intake; glucose tolerance; plasma leptin concentration and lipid profile; populations of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, bacteroidales, clostridiales, enterobacteriales, and Escherichia coli in feces; blood pressure; urine uric acid and F2t isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs); perigonadal fat deposition; and hepatic histology and diacylglycerols (DAGs) in liver and adipose tissue. D-Fagomine reduced sucrose-induced hypertension, urine uric acid and F2-IsoPs (markers of oxidative stress; OS), steatosis and liver DAGs, without significantly affecting perigonadal fat deposition and impaired glucose tolerance. It also promoted excretion of enterobacteriales generated by the dietary intervention. Conclusion: D-fagomine counteracts sucrose-induced steatosis and hypertension, presumably by reducing the postprandial levels of fructose in the liver

Functional effects of the buckwheat iminosugar D-fagomine on rats with diet-induced prediabetes

Scope: The goals of this work were to test if D-fagomine, an iminosugar that reduces body weight gain, can delay the appearance of a fat-induced prediabetic state in a rat model and to explore possible mechanisms behind its functional action. Methods and results: Wistar Kyoto rats were fed a high-fat diet supplemented with D7 fagomine (or not; for comparison) or a standard diet (controls) for 24 weeks. The variables measured were: fasting blood glucose and insulin levels; glucose tolerance; diacylglycerols as intracellular mediators of insulin resistance in adipose tissue, liver and muscle; inflammation markers (plasma IL-6 and leptin, and liver and adipose tissue histology markers); eicosanoids from arachidonic acid as lipid mediators of inflammation; and the populations of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Enterobacteriales and Bifidobacteriales in feces. We found that D-fagomine reduces fat-induced impaired glucose tolerance, inflammation markers and mediators (hepatic microgranulomas and lobular inflammation, plasma IL-6, prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4) while attenuating the changes in the populations of Enterobacteriales and Bifidobacteriales. Conclusion: D-Fagomine delays the development of a fat-induced prediabetic state in rats by reducing low-grade inflammation. We suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of D-fagomine may be linked to a reduction in fat-induced overpopulation of minor gut bacteria

Mechanistically different effects of fat and sugar on insulin resistance, hypertension and gut microbiota in rats

Insulin resistance (IR) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are the first manifestations of diet-induced metabolic alterations leading to type-2 diabetes, while hypertension is the deadliest risk factor of cardiovascular disease. The roles of dietary fat and fructose in the development of IR, IGT and hypertension are controversial. We tested the long-term effects of an excess of fat or sucrose (fructose/glucose) on healthy male Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats. Fat affects IR and IGT earlier than fructose through low-grade systemic inflammation evidenced by liver inflammatory infiltration, increased levels of plasma interleukin-6, prostaglandin E2 and reduced levels of protective short-chain fatty acids without triggering hypertension. Increased populations of gut Enterobacteriales and Escherichia coli may contribute to systemic inflammation through the generation of lipopolysaccharides. Unlike fat, fructose induces increased levels of diacylglycerols (lipid mediators of IR) in the liver, urine F2-isoprostanes (markers of systemic oxidative stress) and uric acid, and triggers hypertension. Elevated populations of Enterobacteriales and E. coli were only detected in rats given an excess of fructose at the end of the study. Dietary fat and fructose trigger IR and IGT in clearly differentiated ways in WKY rats: early low-grade inflammation and late direct lipid toxicity, respectively; gut microbiota plays a role mainly in fat-induced IR; and hypertension is independent of inflammation55 mediated IR. The results provide evidence which suggests that the combination of fat and sugar is potentially more harmful than fat or sugar alone when taken in excess

Influence of omega-3 PUFAs on the metabolism of proanthocyanidins in rats

Studies of the bioavailability of proanthocyanidins usually consider them independently of other dietary constituents, while there is a tendency in the field of functional foods towards the combination of different bioactive compounds in a single product. This study examined the long-term effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine origin on the metabolic fate of grape proanthocyanidins. For this, female adult Wistar-Kyoto rats were fed (18 weeks) with a standard diet supplemented or not with eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (1:1, 16.6 g/kg feed), proanthocyanidin-rich grape seed extract (0.8 g/kg feed) or both. A total of 39 microbial-derived metabolites and 16 conjugated metabolites were detected by HPLC-MS/MS either in urine or in the aqueous fraction of feces. An unexpected significant increase in many proanthocyanidin metabolites in urine and feces was observed in the group supplemented with ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids group as compared to the animals fed a standard diet, which contains a small amount of polyphenols. However, proanthocyanidin metabolites in rats given ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and grape seed extract did not significantly differ from those in the group supplemented only with grape seed extract. It was concluded that ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids collaborate in the metabolism of polyphenols when present at low doses in the feed matrix, while the capacity of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to induce microbiota transformations when proanthocyanidins are present at high doses is not relevant compared to that of polyphenols themselves

Streptococcus Induces Circulating CLA+ Memory T-Cell-Dependent Epidermal Cell Activation in Psoriasis

Streptococcal throat infection is associated with a specific variant of psoriasis and with HLA-Cw6 expression. In this study, activation of circulating psoriatic cutaneous lymphocyte–associated antigen (CLA)+ memory T cells cultured together with epidermal cells occurred only when streptococcal throat extracts were added. This triggered the production of Th1, Th17, and Th22 cytokines, as well as epidermal cell mediators (CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11). Streptococcal extracts (SEs) did not induce any activation with either CLA− cells or memory T cells cultured together with epidermal cells from healthy subjects. Intradermal injection of activated culture supernatants into mouse skin induced epidermal hyperplasia. SEs also induced activation when we used epidermal cells from nonlesional skin of psoriatic patients with CLA+ memory T cells. Significant correlations were found between SE induced upregulation of mRNA expression for ifn-γ, il-17, il-22, ip-10, and serum level of antistreptolysin O in psoriatic patients. This study demonstrates the direct involvement of streptococcal infection in pathological mechanisms of psoriasis, such as IL-17 production and epidermal cell activation