Глобализација и западна музичка историографија

Globalisation of musicology and music history aims to fuse the divisions created during Western music’s acme, and is referred to as “post-European historical thinking”. Therefore, “post” and “pre” European historical thinking have much in common. One aspect of this process of fragmentation was that music history was separated from theory and that Western Music Histories succeeded General Music Histories (a development described in some detail in the article). Connecting global music history with “post-European” historical thinking is one among numerous indications of Western awareness that European culture has reached some sort of a terminal phase. Concurrently, countries that have been developing by following Western Europe as a prototype, are leading today some past phase of Western development, which, with the ideas of cultural relativism prevailing, are not considered inferior.На основу садржаја уводне студије објављене у часопису Acta Musicologica (2014) и истраживачког пројекта Према глобалној историји музике, којим руководи оксфордски професор Рејнхард Стром, ауторка коментарише настојања западних музиколога да отворе нову еру глобалног музичког мишљења. Она бележи да је од ренесансе, па до врхунца западне музике у XIX веку, фрагментација музичког живота (композиција, извођаштво, образовање, градња инструмената, музичко издаваштво итд.) била заправо пут ка савршенству. Усавршавање у извођењу музичких дела, њиховом стварању и пласману на тржишту зависило је од уплива грађанства у главне културне токове. Један аспект тог процеса било је одвајање музичке историје од теорије музике и од чињенице да је историјски развој западне музике следио пут опште историје музике (то је у тексту детаљније приказано). Према мишљењу Герија Томлинсона, постепено је нарушавано некадашње јединство антропологије и историје (данас пак постоје тежње ка њиховом поновном уједињењу). Фрагментација широке дисциплине доноси могућност научничке перфекције, али и инфлацију професионалаца. У XX веку се дошло до таквих крајности да су у многим пољима дисциплине изнети неодговарајући закључци и постављени бесмислени циљеви. Глобализација тежи да превазиђе све границе. Повезивање глобалне музичке историје са „постевропским” историјским мишљењем један је од многобројних показатеља да на Западу постоји свест о томе да је европска култура достигла неку врсту своје завршне фазе. Но, земље којима је западна цивилизација била парадигма сопственог развоја следе раније фазе западне културе. Новина данашње манифестације овог феномена је начин на који је он суочен са самом западном историографијом. Под јаким утицајем културног релативизма, западни историчари који теже глобалној историји покушавају да из својих расуђивања усмерених ка култури искључе квалитативна поређења и идеју напретка. Будући да напредак није значајан за културу, историјско време се чини неважним, а историја поново дели са антропологијом задобијене одлике. Ови концепти су значајно утицали на етномузикологију у југоисточној Европи, у којој данас сарађују музичари и научници, превазилазећи границе међу нацијама и дисциплинама. Биће потребно да протекне одређено време да би се смисао нових прилика које је донео прелазак у постевропско доба схватио, као и да би се видело шта те прилике заиста доносе музикологији. За сада, видимо само оно што је изгубљено; још увек не спознајемо шта је добијено

Ocean Heat and Carbon Uptake in Transient Climate Change: Identifying Model Uncertainty

Global warming on decadal and centennial timescales is mediated and ameliorated by the oceansequestering heat and carbon into its interior. Transient climate change is a function of the efficiency by whichanthropogenic heat and carbon are transported away from the surface into the ocean interior (Hansen et al. 1985).Gregory and Mitchell (1997) and Raper et al. (2002) were the first to identify the importance of the ocean heat uptakeefficiency in transient climate change. Observational estimates (Schwartz 2012) and inferences from coupledatmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs; Gregory and Forster 2008; Marotzke et al. 2015), suggest thatocean heat uptake efficiency on decadal timescales lies in the range 0.5-1.5 W/sq m/K and is thus comparable to theclimate feedback parameter (Murphy et al. 2009). Moreover, the ocean not only plays a key role in setting the timing ofwarming but also its regional patterns (Marshall et al. 2014), which is crucial to our understanding of regional climate,carbon and heat uptake, and sea-level change. This short communication is based on a presentation given by A.Romanou at a recent workshop, Oceans Carbon and Heat Uptake: Uncertainties and Metrics, co-hosted by US CLIVARand OCB. As briefly reviewed below, we have incomplete but growing knowledge of how ocean models used in climatechange projections sequester heat and carbon into the interior. To understand and thence reduce errors and biases inthe ocean component of coupled models, as well as elucidate the key mechanisms at work, in the final section we outlinea proposed model intercomparison project named FAFMIP. In FAFMIP, coupled integrations would be carried out withprescribed overrides of wind stress and freshwater and heat fluxes acting at the sea surface

Co-residential group composition and the spatial design of residences: an investigation using the ethnographic and archaeological records

It is widely accepted that socio-cultural considerations play a significant role in the design of residences; yet the role played by the occupants' demographic characteristics can only be guessed at through fragmentary or anecdotal evidence. This research brings together a large body of secondary ethnographic data with the aim of exploring, in a systematic fashion, whether differences in the composition of co-residential groups find expression in the size and internal layouts of residences. It also seeks to determine whether the composition of groups can be inferred on the basis of architectural plans. If so, this approach could be of service in the social interpretation of archaeologically excavated residences. Part I of the thesis reviews the cultural, demographic, economic and political factors which influence the composition of co-residential groups. Part II explores the ethnographic corpus. This consists of architectural descriptions of 368 residences from 14 settlements situated in different parts of the world, together with demographic descriptions of their respective co-residential groups. Selective case studies are used to demonstrate that spatial factors can constrain and influence group membership. The entire corpus of residences is then analysed, and a number of spatial and architectural features identified which can point to the demographic characteristics of the groups in occupation. Finally, Part III considers the extent to which those findings can serve in the reconstruction of ancient co-residential groups. A number of ancient domestic contexts are investigated, ranging from an exceptionally well preserved historical setting (Roman Pompeii and Herculaneum) and a proto-historic setting (Iron Age Israel), to a comparatively modest prehistoric setting (Bronze Age Cyprus). The transformational processes that residences and their contents undergo during and after abandonment, and the obstacles they present to the detection of key architectural features, are dealt with in detail in the case of the Cypriot sites

Natural ocean carbon cycle sensitivity to parameterizations of the recycling in a climate model

Sensitivities of the oceanic biological pump within the GISS (Goddard Institute for Space Studies ) climate modeling system are explored here. Results are presented from twin control simulations of the air–sea CO₂ gas exchange using two different ocean models coupled to the same atmosphere. The two ocean models (Russell ocean model and Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model, HYCOM) use different vertical coordinate systems, and therefore different representations of column physics. Both variants of the GISS climate model are coupled to the same ocean biogeochemistry module (the NASA Ocean Biogeochemistry Model, NOBM), which computes prognostic distributions for biotic and abiotic fields that influence the air–sea flux of CO₂ and the deep ocean carbon transport and storage. In particular, the model differences due to remineralization rate changes are compared to differences attributed to physical processes modeled differently in the two ocean models such as ventilation, mixing, eddy stirring and vertical advection. GISSEH(GISSER) is found to underestimate mixed layer depth compared to observations by about 55% (10%) in the Southern Ocean and overestimate it by about 17% (underestimate by 2%) in the northern high latitudes. Everywhere else in the global ocean, the two models underestimate the surface mixing by about 12–34%, which prevents deep nutrients from reaching the surface and promoting primary production there. Consequently, carbon export is reduced because of reduced production at the surface. Furthermore, carbon export is particularly sensitive to remineralization rate changes in the frontal regions of the subtropical gyres and at the Equator and this sensitivity in the model is much higher than the sensitivity to physical processes such as vertical mixing, vertical advection and mesoscale eddy transport. At depth, GISSER, which has a significant warm bias, remineralizes nutrients and carbon faster thereby producing more nutrients and carbon at depth, which eventually resurfaces with the global thermohaline circulation especially in the Southern Ocean. Because of the reduced primary production and carbon export in GISSEH compared to GISSER, the biological pump efficiency, i.e., the ratio of primary production and carbon export at 75 m, is half in the GISSEH of that in GISSER, The Southern Ocean emerges as a key region where the CO₂ flux is as sensitive to biological parameterizations as it is to physical parameterizations. The fidelity of ocean mixing in the Southern Ocean compared to observations is shown to be a good indicator of the magnitude of the biological pump efficiency regardless of physical model choice

SciLens News Platform: A System for Real-Time Evaluation of News Articles

We demonstrate the SciLens News Platform, a novel system for evaluating the quality of news articles. The SciLens News Platform automatically collects contextual information about news articles in real-time and provides quality indicators about their validity and trustworthiness. These quality indicators derive from i) social media discussions regarding news articles, showcasing the reach and stance towards these articles, and ii) their content and their referenced sources, showcasing the journalistic foundations of these articles. Furthermore, the platform enables domain-experts to review articles and rate the quality of news sources. This augmented view of news articles, which combines automatically extracted indicators and domain-expert reviews, has provably helped the platform users to have a better consensus about the quality of the underlying articles. The platform is built in a distributed and robust fashion and runs operationally handling daily thousands of news articles. We evaluate the SciLens News Platform on the emerging topic of COVID-19 where we highlight the discrepancies between low and high-quality news outlets based on three axes, namely their newsroom activity, evidence seeking and social engagement. A live demonstration of the platform can be found here: http://scilens.epfl.ch.Comment: Conference demo paper, 4 pages, 5 figure

Ocean Biological Pump Sensitivities and Implications for Climate Change Impacts

The ocean is one of the principal reservoirs of CO2, a greenhouse gas, and therefore plays a crucial role in regulating Earth's climate. Currently, the ocean sequesters about a third of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, mitigating the human impact on climate. At the same time, the deeper ocean represents the largest carbon pool in the Earth System and processes that describe the transfer of carbon from the surface of the ocean to depth are intimately linked to the effectiveness of carbon sequestration.The ocean biological pump (OBP), which involves several biogeochemical processes, is a major pathway for transfer of carbon from the surface mixed layer into the ocean interior. About 75 of the carbon vertical gradient is due to the carbon pump with only 25 attributed to the solubility pump. However, the relative importance and role of the two pumps is poorly constrained. OBP is further divided to the organic carbon pump (soft tissue pump) and the carbonate pump, with the former exporting about 10 times more carbon than the latter through processes like remineralization.Major uncertainties about OBP, and hence in the carbon uptake and sequestration, stem from uncertainties in processes involved in OBP such as particulate organicinorganic carbon sinkingsettling, remineralization, microbial degradation of DOC and uptakegrowth rate changes of the ocean biology. The deep ocean is a major sink of atmospheric CO2 in scales of hundreds to thousands of years, but how the export efficiency (i.e. the fraction of total carbon fixation at the surface that is transported at depth) is affected by climate change remains largely undetermined. These processes affect the ocean chemistry (alkalinity, pH, DIC, particulate and dissolved organic carbon) as well as the ecology (biodiversity, functional groups and their interactions) in the ocean. It is important to have a rigorous, quantitative understanding of the uncertainties involved in the observational measurements, the models and the projections of future changes

Sea level rise

1. Global mean sea level (GMSL) has risen by about 7–8 inches (about 16–21 cm) since 1900, with about 3 of those inches (about 7 cm) occurring since 1993 (very high confidence). Human-caused climate change has made a substantial contribution to GMSL rise since 1900 (high confidence), contributing to a rate of rise that is greater than during any preceding century in at least 2,800 years (medium confidence). 2. Relative to the year 2000, GMSL is very likely to rise by 0.3–0.6 feet (9–18 cm) by 2030, 0.5–1.2 feet (15–38 cm) by 2050, and 1 to 4 feet (30–130 cm) by 2100 (very high confidence in lower bounds; medium confidence in upper bounds for 2030 and 2050; low confidence in upper bounds for 2100). Future emissions pathways have little effect on projected GMSL rise in the first half of the century, but significantly affect projections for the second half of the century (high confidence). Emerging science regarding Antarctic ice sheet stability suggests that, for high emission scenarios, a GMSL rise exceeding 8 feet (2.4 m) by 2100 is physically possible, although the probability of such an extreme outcome cannot currently be assessed. Regardless of emissions pathway, it is extremely likely that GMSL rise will continue beyond 2100 (high confidence). 3. Relative sea level (RSL) rise in this century will vary along U.S. coastlines due, in part, to changes in Earth’s gravitational field and rotation from melting of land ice, changes in ocean circulation, and vertical land motion (very high confidence). For almost all future GMSL rise scenarios, RSL rise is likely to be greater than the global average in the U.S. Northeast and the western Gulf of Mexico. In intermediate and low GMSL rise scenarios, RSL rise is likely to be less than the global average in much of the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. For high GMSL rise scenarios, RSL rise is likely to be higher than the global average along all U.S. coastlines outside Alaska. Almost all U.S. coastlines experience more than global mean sea level rise in response to Antarctic ice loss, and thus would be particularly affected under extreme GMSL rise scenarios involving substantial Antarctic mass loss (high confidence). 4. As sea levels have risen, the number of tidal floods each year that cause minor impacts (also called “nuisance floods”) have increased 5- to 10-fold since the 1960s in several U.S. coastal cities (very high confidence). Rates of increase are accelerating in over 25 Atlantic and Gulf Coast cities (very high confidence). Tidal flooding will continue increasing in depth, frequency, and extent this century (very high confidence). 5. Assuming storm characteristics do not change, sea level rise will increase the frequency and extent of extreme flooding associated with coastal storms, such as hurricanes and nor’easters (very high confidence). A projected increase in the intensity of hurricanes in the North Atlantic could increase the probability of extreme flooding along most of the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coast states beyond what would be projected based solely on RSL rise. However, there is low confidence in the magnitude of the increase in intensity and the associated flood risk amplification, and these effects could be offset or amplified by other factors, such as changes in storm frequency or tracks

Teleconnections, Midlatitude Cyclones and Aegean Sea Turbulent Heat Flux Variability on Daily Through Decadal Time Scales

We analyze daily wintertime cyclone variability in the central and eastern Mediterranean during 1958-2001, and identify four distinct cyclone states, corresponding to the presence or absence of cyclones in each basin. Each cyclone state is associated with wind flows that induce characteristic patterns of cooling via turbulent (sensible and latent) heat fluxes in the eastern Mediterranean basin and Aegean Sea. The relative frequency of occurrence of each state determines the heat loss from the Aegean Sea during that winter, with largest heat losses occurring when there is a storm in the eastern but not central Mediterranean (eNOTc), and the smallest occurring when there is a storm in the central but not eastern Mediterranean (cNOTe). Time series of daily cyclone states for each winter allow us to infer Aegean Sea cooling for winters prior to 1985, the earliest year for which we have daily heat flux observations. We show that cyclone states conducive to Aegean Sea convection occurred in 1991/1992 and 1992/1993, the winters during which deep water formation was observed in the Aegean Sea, and also during the mid-1970s and the winters of 1963/1964 and 1968/1969. We find that the eNOTc cyclone state is anticorrelated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) prior to 1977/1978. After 1977/1978, the cNOTe state is anticorrelated with both the NAO and the North Caspian Pattern (NCP), showing that the area of influence of large scale atmospheric teleconnections on regional cyclone activity shifted from the eastern to the central Mediterranean during the late 1970s. A trend toward more frequent occurrence of the positive phase of the NAO produced less frequent cNOTe states since the late 1970s, increasing the number of days with strong cooling of the Aegean Sea surface waters