Result of AMOVA analysis of <i>Maruca vitrata</i> populations from 22 host plants in South- and Southeast Asia as well as sub-Saharan Africa, based on <i>coxI</i> sequence data.

<p>* significant at <i>P</i> < 0.05</p><p>** highly significant at <i>P</i> < 0.01</p><p>Result of AMOVA analysis of <i>Maruca vitrata</i> populations from 22 host plants in South- and Southeast Asia as well as sub-Saharan Africa, based on <i>coxI</i> sequence data.</p

Genetic isolation-by-distance analysis by regression of genetic differentiation (<i>FST</i>) vs. geographic distance (km) (A) among <i>Maruca vitrata</i> population from different countries in Asia and Africa, and (B) among <i>Maruca</i> population from different continents or larger geographical regions.

<p>Genetic isolation-by-distance analysis by regression of genetic differentiation (<i>FST</i>) vs. geographic distance (km) (A) among <i>Maruca vitrata</i> population from different countries in Asia and Africa, and (B) among <i>Maruca</i> population from different continents or larger geographical regions.</p

Pairwise <i>FS</i>_<i>T</i> values (below diagonal) and distance matrix (above diagonal; in the unit of kilometer) comparing populations of <i>Maruca vitrata</i> (continent or larger geographical region based analysis).

<p>* <i>F</i>_<i>ST</i> values were significant at <i>P</i> < 0.05</p><p>** highly significant at <i>P</i> < 0.01</p><p>Pairwise <i>FS</i>_<i>T</i> values (below diagonal) and distance matrix (above diagonal; in the unit of kilometer) comparing populations of <i>Maruca vitrata</i> (continent or larger geographical region based analysis).</p

List of number of samples studied, number of haplotypes, haplotype diversity (<i>h</i>), nucleotide diversity (π), Tajima’s <i>D</i> and Fu’s <i>F</i>_<i>S</i> tests for <i>Maruca vitrata</i> populations from ten countries in South and Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa.

<p>** values were significant at P < 0.01</p><p>*** values were significant at P < 0.001</p><p>List of number of samples studied, number of haplotypes, haplotype diversity (<i>h</i>), nucleotide diversity (π), Tajima’s <i>D</i> and Fu’s <i>F</i>_<i>S</i> tests for <i>Maruca vitrata</i> populations from ten countries in South and Southeast Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa.</p

Result of AMOVA analysis of <i>Maruca</i> populations from four selected continents / regions based on <i>coxI</i> sequence data.

<p>* significant at <i>P</i> < 0.05</p><p>** highly significant at <i>P</i> < 0.01</p><p>Result of AMOVA analysis of <i>Maruca</i> populations from four selected continents / regions based on <i>coxI</i> sequence data.</p

ABGD analysis- K2P divergence based Neighbor-joining tree based on <i>coxI</i> haplotypes.

<p>CN5 marked in red box is the population collected from Central Java, Indonesia, whereas two populations in green box (HQ571111 and LEPKP101) have originated from Kalimantan, Indonesia.</p

Result of AMOVA analysis of <i>Maruca vitrata</i> populations from nine countries in South- and Southeast Asia as well as sub-Saharan Africa, based on <i>coxI</i> sequence data.

<p>* significant at <i>P</i> < 0.05</p><p>** highly significant at <i>P</i> < 0.01</p><p>Result of AMOVA analysis of <i>Maruca vitrata</i> populations from nine countries in South- and Southeast Asia as well as sub-Saharan Africa, based on <i>coxI</i> sequence data.</p

Median-joining haplotype network of the <i>cox1</i> gene of <i>Maruca</i> spp. in Asia, Africa, Oceania and Latin America.

<p><i>cox1</i> haplotypes found in the study were included in the network analysis. Haplotype frequency is represented by the size of each node and red nodes represent hypothetical haplotypes (or median vectors). Asian haplotypes were marked in yellow nodes, African haplotypes in purple nodes, Latin American samples in blue nodes, and Oceania haplotypes in brown nodes. Nodes (H8 and H23) containing African, Asian and Australian haplotypes were marked in green, whereas nodes containing Asian and Australian haplotypes were marked in grey. Refer to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0124057#pone.0124057.t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a> for the haplotype numbers and their corresponding <i>M</i>. <i>vitrata</i> population details used in this study. Countries abbreviated in this figure are as follows: AUSQL—Australia (Queensland); CRAL—Costa Rica (Alajuela); CRGC—Costa Rica (Guanacaste); MEX—Mexico; ARG—Argentina; PAN—Panama; IDO—Indonesia (Kalimantan); PNG—Papua New Guinea.</p

ABGD analysis- Distribution of <i>Maruca</i> spp. population K2P mean divergence in (A) histogram of distances, and (B) ranked distances.

<p>ABGD analysis- Distribution of <i>Maruca</i> spp. population K2P mean divergence in (A) histogram of distances, and (B) ranked distances.</p

Pairwise <i>FS</i>_<i>T</i> values (below diagonal) and distance matrix (above diagonal; in the unit of kilometer) comparing populations of <i>Maruca vitrata</i> (country based analysis).

<p>* <i>F</i>_<i>ST</i> values were significant at <i>P</i> < 0.05</p><p>** highly significant at <i>P</i> < 0.01</p><p>Pairwise <i>FS</i>_<i>T</i> values (below diagonal) and distance matrix (above diagonal; in the unit of kilometer) comparing populations of <i>Maruca vitrata</i> (country based analysis).</p