Shifting the Starspot Paradigm through Imaging Magnetic Structures and Evolution.

Magnetism is present in stars across all masses and evolutionary states. For cool stars with a convective outer envelope, stellar magnetic fields are generated through complex interactions between the convective layer and radiative core due to rotation. Magnetism in cool stars fuels stellar activity, in particular as starspots. Using starspots as a proxy, this work concentrates on imaging stellar magnetism. With state-of-the-art observations and imaging techniques, I investigate shifting the spot paradigm of localized starspots blemishing an otherwise bright surface (analogous to the solar photosphere) to a surface hosting a widespread network of magnetically-suppressed convection. This network is capable of affecting measurements of fundamental stellar parameters, such as radius and temperature, leading to inaccurate mass and age estimates. To accomplish this shift, I use precision Kepler data and a light-curve inversion algorithm for studies of stellar differential rotation and starspot evolution. Additionally, with long-baseline interferometric data collected with the Michigan Infrared Combiner (MIRC) at Georgia State University's Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA) Array, I target the bright, spotted, giant primary stars of close binary (RS CVn) systems. For these stars, I combine interferometric detections with radial velocity data to measure orbital and stellar parameters, which are used in concert with long-term photometric light curves to observe ellipsoidal variations, measure gravity darkening, and isolate the starspot signatures. In direct imaging using the interferometric data, I observe a spotted RS CVn star through an entire rotation period to detect canonical starspots, a polar starspot, and globally-suppressed convection. The regions of magnetically-suppressed convection cover a large fraction of the surface, potentially impacting estimates of stellar parameters. The combination of these efforts provides a start to a new era of detailed imaging and understanding of stellar magnetism, which will impact stellar evolution, star and planet formation, and planetary studies.PhDAstronomy and AstrophysicsUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/120865/1/rmroett_1.pd

KOI-1003: A new spotted, eclipsing RS CVn binary in the Kepler field

Using the high-precision photometry from the Kepler space telescope, thousands of stars with stellar and planetary companions have been observed. The characterization of stars with companions is not always straightforward and can be contaminated by systematic and stellar influences on the light curves. Here, through a detailed analysis of starspots and eclipses, we identify KOI-1003 as a new, active RS CVn star---the first identified with data from Kepler. The Kepler light curve of this close binary system exhibits the system's primary transit, secondary eclipse, and starspot evolution of two persistent active longitudes. The near equality of the system's orbital and rotation periods indicates the orbit and primary star's rotation are nearly synchronized ($P_\mathrm{orb} = 8.360613\pm0.000003$ days; $P_\mathrm{rot} \sim 8.23$ days). By assuming the secondary star is on the main sequence, we suggest the system consists of a $1.45^{+0.11}_{-0.19} \ M_\odot$ subgiant primary and a $0.59^{+0.03}_{-0.04} \ M_\odot$ main-sequence companion. Our work gives a distance of $4400 \pm 600$ pc and an age of $t = 3.0^{-0.5}_{+2.0}$ Gyr, parameters which are discrepant with previous studies that included the star as a member of the open cluster NGC 6791.Comment: 21 pages, 19 figures, accepted to Ap

Non-radial Pulsations in the Open Cluster NGC 3766

Non-radial pulsations (NRPs) are a proposed mechanism for the formation of decretion disks around Be stars and are important tools to study the internal structure of stars. NGC 3766 has an unusually large fraction of transient Be stars, so it is an excellent location to study the formation mechanism of Be star disks. High resolution spectroscopy can reveal line profile variations from NRPs, allowing measurements of both the degree, l, and azimuthal order, m. However, spectroscopic studies require large amounts of time with large telescopes to achieve the necessary high S/N and time domain coverage. On the other hand, multi-color photometry can be performed more easily with small telescopes to measure l only. Here, we present representative light curves of Be stars and non-emitting B stars in NGC 3766 from the CTIO 0.9m telescope in an effort to study NRPs in this cluster.Comment: 4 pages, to appear in the proceedings of IAU Symposium 266: Star Cluster

Imaging starspot evolution on Kepler target KIC 5110407 using light curve inversion

The Kepler target KIC 5110407, a K-type star, shows strong quasi-periodic light curve fluctuations likely arising from the formation and decay of spots on the stellar surface rotating with a period of 3.4693 days. Using an established light-curve inversion algorithm, we study the evolution of the surface features based on Kepler space telescope light curves over a period of two years (with a gap of .25 years). At virtually all epochs, we detect at least one large spot group on the surface causing a 1-10% flux modulation in the Kepler passband. By identifying and tracking spot groups over a range of inferred latitudes, we measured the surface differential rotation to be much smaller than that found for the Sun. We also searched for a correlation between the seventeen stellar flares that occurred during our observations and the orientation of the dominant surface spot at the time of each flare. No statistically-significant correlation was found except perhaps for the very brightest flares, suggesting most flares are associated with regions devoid of spots or spots too small to be clearly discerned using our reconstruction technique. While we may see hints of long-term changes in the spot characteristics and flare statistics within our current dataset, a longer baseline of observation will be needed to detect the existence of a magnetic cycle in KIC 5110407.Comment: 32 pages, 15 figures, accepted to Ap

The Connection between Starspots and Flares on Main-sequence Kepler Stars

Starspots and flares are indicators of stellar magnetic activity and can both be studied in greater detail by utilizing the long-term, space- based archive of the Kepler satellite. Here, we aim to investigate a subset of the Kepler archive to reveal a connection between the starspots and the stellar flares, in order to provide insight into the overall stellar magnetic field. We use the flare-finding algorithm FLATW’RM in conjunction with a new suite of algorithms that aim to locate the local minima caused by starspot groups. We compare the phase difference between the time of maximum flux of a flare and the time of minimum stellar flux due to a starspot group. The strongest flares do not appear to be correlated to the largest starspot group present, but are also not uniformly distributed in phase with respect to the starspot group. The weaker flares, however, do show an increased occurrence close to the starspot groups

Finding flares in Kepler data using machine-learning tools

Context. Archives of long photometric surveys, such as the Kepler database, are a great basis for studying flares. However, identifying the flares is a complex task; it is easily done in the case of single-target observations by visual inspection, but is nearly impossible for several year-long time series for several thousand targets. Although automated methods for this task exist, several problems are difficult (or impossible) to overcome with traditional fitting and analysis approaches. Aims: We introduce a code for identifying and analyzing flares based on machine-learning methods, which are intrinsically adept at handling such data sets. Methods: We used the RANSAC (RANdom SAmple Consensus) algorithm to model light curves, as it yields robust fits even in the case of several outliers, such as flares. The light curves were divided into search windows, approximately on the order of the stellar rotation period. This search window was shifted over the data set, and a voting system was used to keep false positives to a minimum: only those flare candidate points were kept that were identified as a flare in several windows. Results: The code was tested on short-cadence K2 observations of TRAPPIST-1 and on long-cadence Kepler data of KIC 1722506. The detected flare events and flare energies are consistent with earlier results from manual inspections

The Distance of the Gamma-ray Binary 1FGL J1018.6-5856

The recently discovered gamma-ray binary 1FGL J1018.6-5856 has a proposed optical/near-infrared (OIR) counterpart 2MASS 10185560-5856459. We present Stromgren photometry of this star to investigate its photometric variability and measure the reddening and distance to the system. We find that the gamma-ray binary has E(B-V) = 1.34 +/- 0.04 and d = 5.4^+4.6_-2.1 kpc. While E(B-V) is consistent with X-ray observations of the neutral hydrogen column density, the distance is somewhat closer than some previous authors have suggested.Comment: Accepted to PAS