THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON SELECTED AREAS OF THE WORLD ECONOMY

Background and Objective: Climate change and its impact on the environmental system poses significant risks on the global economy. Yet, most economic theories do not or insufficiently take these into account. Ecological economics is a new scientific field that looks into the risks of climate change impacts on the global economy as extreme weather events are believed to hold disruptive potential towards future economic developments. Study Design/ Materials and Methods: This review article is based on a primary literature review of key authors within the respective field. As main criteria the articles publication year has been considered. Results: Climate change risks negatively impact the world’s economic system. Key sources of anthropogenic climate change are industrial CO2 emissions. The logistic industry is one of the major contributors. Impact of climate change are evident through disruptive changes in various environmental systems materializing in e.g. biodiversity loss, change in land, shifts of natural resources and natural catastrophes posing significant threats of economic losses and rising global inequalities. Conclusion and practical implications: This study adds to our understanding of the direct and intense connection between climate change effects and local and global economic developments

Graphite Modified Polylactide (PLA) for 3D Printed (FDM/FFF) Sliding Elements

With the development of 3D printing technology, there is a need to produce printable materials with improved properties, e.g., sliding properties. In this paper, the authors present the possibilities of producing composites based on biodegradable PLA with the addition of graphite. The team created composites with the following graphite weight contents: 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Neat material was also subjected to testing. Tribological, mechanical, and chemical properties of the mentioned materials were examined. Measurements were also made after keeping the samples in ageing and climatic ovens. Furthermore, SEM observations of samples before and after friction tests were carried out. It was demonstrated that increasing graphite content caused a significant decrease in wear (PLA + 10% graphite had a wear rate three times lower than for a neat material). The addition of graphite did not adversely affect most of the other properties, but it ought to be noted that mechanical properties changed significantly. After conditioning in a climatic oven PLA + 10% graphite has (in comparison with neat material) 11% lower fracture stress, 47% lower impact strength, and 21% higher Young’s modulus. It can be certainly stated that the addition of graphite to PLA is a step towards obtaining a material that is low-cost and suitable for printing sliding spare parts

Opoka—Sediment Rock as New Type of Hybrid Mineral Filler for Polymer Composites

The work presents a comprehensive profile of the physicochemical characteristics of opoka sedimentary rock in the context of its use as a hybrid filler for thermoplastics. Determining the functional parameters of the studied filler was the main aim of this research. Thermal treatment leads to changes in its morphology and phase composition. A wide range of physicochemical techniques was used, such as low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, FT-IR, TGA, XRD, optical, and electron microscopy. The susceptibility of the material to micronisation was also tested (ball milling). Due to its widespread occurrence, opoka can be an attractive alternative to fillers such as silica or chalk. In order to verify this statement, polypropylene composites thereof were prepared by melt blending and injection molding, and studied by mechanical testing and microscopic imaging

NEW APPROACH TO PREPARATION OF GELATINE/SiO2 HYBRID SYSTEMS BY THE SOL-GEL PROCESS

A new method of synthesis of a series of hybrid gelatine/silica systems, based on solgel technique, was developed in this study which was aimed at achieving the maximum compatibility of the gelatine/silica systems prepared in a wide range of gelatine-silica ratios (from 30 to 80 wt. % of gelatine). The systems were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, and TG techniques. The obtained materials showed a diverse structure due to the fact that a part of silica formed a homogeneous composite with gelatine, while another part formed microspherical particles of complicated structure. A possibility was tested for employing branched polyalkoxysiloxanes as crosslinkers in the preparation of gelatine-silica hybrids

Wpływ dodatku MoS2 na właściwości tribologiczne polilaktydu (PLA) stosowanego w technologii druku 3D

The article presents the results of basic tribological research of polylactide enriched with MoS2 powder. The research was conducted on a pin-on-disc station. Samples dimensions: 8 mm height, 8 mm diameter, printed in FFF/FDM method. Two mass percentages of addition were created: 1% and 2.5%. As counter-specimen steel (C45) disc was used. Ra roughness of counter-specimen was in the range of 0.3–0.4. The main purpose is to determine optimal, in the light of tribological properties, mass percentage values of additions in polylactide in the 3D printing application. The research has shown that materials with more MoS2 addition would not be a good material for use in the production of prototype bearings, due to increased linear wear. It is also worth noting that the MoS2 addition improves material properties in terms of the 3D printing process. Thanks to the addition, even up to 1%, the required temperature of the printing nozzle has been significantly reduced, as well as flow resistance in the nozzle.Artykuł przedstawia wyniki podstawowych badań tribologicznych polilaktydu wzbogaconego proszkiem MoS2. Badania zostały przeprowadzone na stanowisku pin-on-disc. Jako próbki zostały zastosowane walce o średnicy 8 mm, wytworzone w technologii FFF/FDM, stopnie wzbogacenia próbek to 1% oraz 2,5% wag. Jako przeciwpróbkę zastosowano dysk ze stali C45 o chropowatości Ra = 0,3–0,4. Badania mają charakter wstępny mają na celu ustalenie optymalnych pod kątem właściwości tribologicznych, wartości zawartości dodatków w polilaktydzie stosowanym w druku 3D. Badania wykazały, że materiały z większą ilością dodatku MoS2 nie stanowiłyby dobrego materiału do zastosowania w produkcji prototypowych łożysk ślizgowych z powodu zwiększonego zużycia liniowego. Wartym odnotowania jest również fakt, iż dodatek MoS2 powoduje polepszenie właściwości materiałowych pod kątem procesu druku 3D – dzięki dodatkowi już nawet w wysokości 1% znacznie obniżona została wymagana temperatura dyszy drukującej, a także obniżone opory przepływu w dyszy

Current trends in the german packaging industry

Background: Germany is the largest plastic consumer in Europe. On average some 400g of plastics are used by its citizens. Despite promoting circular economy (CE) systems almost 60% of plastics are burned, recovering the thermal energy, however leaving an additional CO2-Footprint. This increased emission does not only negatively contribute to climate change but also translates to poor sustainability metrics, lacking behind industry trends. The objective of this article is to review and provide an overview of the current trends of the German packaging industry with a focus on sustainability. This is important to understand the future opportunities and risks concerning the industries' economic development. Methods: This review article is based on a primary literature review of key authors within the respective field. As an additional criterion, only articles published not before 2013 have been included. Result: The German packaging industry is experiencing decreasing production rates and prices between 2018 and 2021. While general trends are shifting towards sustainability and responsible consumption, the majority of plastics are used for energy recovery. Following that the German packaging industry is driven by three key trends, (i) Packaging Materials, (ii) Packaging Design and (iii) Smart Packaging. Improving sustainability can be identified as the leading driver in all the mentioned trends. The industry is rapidly shifting towards circular systems giving high importance to social value and well-being. Conclusion: This study analyses and contributes to our understanding of the German packaging industry. It provides a deeper insight into the current market, its challenges and discusses overall key trends

Platinum(0)-1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane Complex as a Pt Source for Pt/SnO2 Catalyst

This paper presents new preparation method of Pt/SnO2, an important catalytic system. Besides of its application as a heterogenic industrial catalyst, it is also used as a catalyst in electrochemical processes, especially in fuel cells. Platinum is commonly used as an anode catalyst in low temperature fuel cells, fuelled with alcohols of low molecular weight such as methanol. Platinum(0)-1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane complex was used as a precursor of metallic phase. The aim of the research was to obtain a highly active in electrochemical system Pt/SnO2 catalyst with low metal load. Considering small size of Pt crystallites, it should result in high activity of Pt/SnO2 system. The presented method of SnO2 synthesis allows for obtaining support consisting of nanoparticles. The effect of the thermal treatment on activity of Pt/SnO2 gel was demonstrated. The system properties were investigated using TEM, FTIR (ATR), and XRD techniques to describe its thermal structural evolution. The results showed two electrocatalytical activity peaks for drying at a temperature of 430 K and above 650 K

Strategie innowacji w kontekście paradygmatu pięciu wymiarów strategii innowacji

As a concept that is owned and discussed by many business disciplines the terms innovation and innovation strategy can have many different definitions. This paper aims to provide an overview of innovation strategies in the context of the paradigm of the five dimensions of innovation strategy first introduced by Trilling & Blaeser-Benfer. A literature review was used to generate a representative pool of definitions of the term innovation, including definitions from the different disciplinary literature sources of economics, innovation and entrepreneurship, business and management, and technology. In a second step the core essences of the accumulated definitions are synthesized into a final definition of innovation. In a third step the synthesized definition of innovation is applied to the context of the paradigm of the five dimension of innovation strategy to allow the establishment of a coherent and cohesive overview of the resulting innovation strategies. Methods: This paper utilizes a first analysis of literature on innovation and innovation strategies which includes a number of academic journal articles and books, in total 23 sources, published between the years 1987 to 2019 to achieve its mentioned aim. Results: The central aim of this paper can be identified in providing a comprehensive overview of the topic of innovation strategies in the context of the paradigm of the five dimensions of innovation strategy and the presented definition of the term innovation. Conclusions: The information presented in this paper can serve as a clarifying starting point for further research activities in the field innovation and innovation strategy by providing a general overview of the topics mentioned. Based on the findings of this paper it appears reasonable to recommend further research to specify the characteristics and practical applicability of possible innovation strategies in different innovation dimensions.Na podstawie wielu istniejących dyscyplin terminy innowacja i strategie innowacji mogą mieć wiele definicji. Niniejsza praca ma na celu przedstawienie przegląd strategii innowacji w kontekście paradygmatu pięciu wymiarów strategii innowacji wprowadzonej po raz pierwszy przez Trilling & Blaeser-Benfer. Przeprowadzony przegląd literatury miał na celu stworzenie takiego terminu innowacja, który byłby interdyscyplinarny, tworzony na podstawie źródeł literaturowych z dziedziny ekonomii, przedsiębiorczości, biznesu i zarządzania oraz technologii. Kolejny etap pracy to sformułowanie ostatecznej definicji innowacji. Ostatni etap pracy to zastosowanie definicji innowacji w kontekście paradygmatu pięciowymiarowej strategii innowacji, aby umożliwić ustanowienie spójnego przeglądu powstałych strategii innowacji. Metody: W niniejszej pracy dokonano analizy światowej literatury na temat strategii innowacji i innowacji. Przeanalizowano łącznie 23 pozycje literaturowe, które zostały opublikowane w latach 1987-2019. Wyniki: Głównym celem niniejszej pracy był przegląd literatury w temacie strategii innowacji w kontekście paradygmatu pięciu wymiarów strategii innowacji i wyjaśnienie przedstawionej definicji innowacji. Wnioski: Informacje przedstawione w niniejszej pracy mogą służyć jako punkt wyjścia dla dalszych działań badawczych w dziedzinie innowacji i strategii innowacji poprzez podsumowanie aktualnego przeglądu we wspomnianych tematach. Na podstawie wniosków zawartych w niniejszej pracy uzasadnione wydaje się prowadzenie dalszych badań w celu określenia cech i praktycznego zastosowania możliwych strategii innowacji w różnych wymiarach innowacji

Cooperative innovation strategies – review and analysis

Background: As the terms innovation, innovation strategy and especially cooperative innovation strategy are owned and discussed by many business disciplines, they can have various definitions. But a defined innovation strategy is the first step to enable a generation of innovation in a constant way. There are different approaches how a strategy can be defined. One common approach of an innovation strategy which includes the idea of an exploratory and cooperative strategy is the Open Innovation method. It describes three possible cooperation archetypes of an organization and its environment. Caused by the increased importance of startups and their innovation approaches a transfer of the common Open Innovation approach to a cooperation between established organization and startups is the aim of this article and results in the description of the startup orientated cooperative innovation (SOCI) strategy. Methods: This article gives at first an introduction in the topic of innovation and innovation strategy and its different approaches. The Open Innovation approach is described and in a further step the transfer to the new framework of (SOCI) strategies is presented. Result: As a result, the paper presents a new framework for three archetypes of SOCI-strategies. Three archetypes of SOCI-strategies were identified, by relating the three archetypes of Open Innovation to cooperations between established companies and startups. The three SOCI-strategies are: Buy/rent a startup, spin-off and startup in coupled process. Conclusion: The SOCI framework can be seen as a helpful to categorized cooperations between established companies and startups in context of generation innovation and gives an overview which archetypes of startup cooperations are possible