Profundización financiera y crecimiento económico una aproximación al caso Sudamericano

El objetivo del presente trabajo es evaluar la relación existente entre la profundización financiera y el crecimiento económico de una nación. Para dicha evaluación se usó la fórmula propuesta por Robert Solow la cual propone que el crecimiento económico es el resultado de la interacción entre las variables de capital, trabajo y una tercera variable que él denomina el residuo de Solow. Para el caso específico de este estudio se tomaron diferentes indicadores de profundización financiera como residuo. Entre los indicadores usados se encuentran activos bancarios, pasivos líquidos, crédito privado y capitalización bursátil. Todos estos indicadores se tomaron para los países pertenecientes a Sudamérica encontrando una correlación positiva entre los comportamientos de la variación porcentual del Producto interno Bruto y el comportamiento de estas variables.The main objetive of this paper is to analize the relationship between the financial depth and the economical growth. That evaluation had its base in Robert Solow s formula that propose that the financial growth depends on the interaction between the capital, and work variables and a third variable. For that purpose of this paper we took as that third variable some financial depth indicators such as bank assests, liquid liabilities, private credit and market capitalization. Those indicators were taken from the countries of South America founding that the correlation between them and the variation on the GDP is positive.Administrador (a) de EmpresasPregrad

Modelo termodinámico para analizar procesos de biorremediación en un ecosistema acuático construido caso laguna facultativa para depuración de aguas residuales municipales.

Las lagunas facultativas son ecosistemas acuáticos construidos con el propósito de descontaminar aguas residuales. Estas, son sistemas de tratamiento de bajo costo, fácil operación y mantenimiento por lo que son ampliamente utilizadas en países en desarrollo, especialmente aquellos ubicados en zonas tropicales donde hay disponibilidad de radiación solar en cualquier época del año. Su diseño debe favorecer el desarrollo de una amplia variedad de microorganismos y procesos físicos, químicos y biológicos que al interrelacionarse favorecen la depuración de las aguas contaminadas. Esto, ha cautivado la atención de los investigadores quienes han buscado entender cómo se desarrollan los procesos de biorremediación en este tipo de ecosistemas. Para ello, se han desarrollado herramientas como los modelos computacionales, especialmente aquellos que involucran técnicas de dinámica de fluidos computacional (CFD por sus siglas en ingles). Los modelos CFD han sido una de las herramientas más utilizadas en los últimos 20 años y han permitido representar fenómenos como la hidrodinámica de la laguna y la transformación de algunas especies químicas asociadas a los ciclos del carbono y nitrógeno. Recientemente, se han comenzado a acoplar modelos CFD y ecológicos con el objetivo de obtener una mejor representación de este tipo de ecosistemas. Por lo anterior, en esta investigación, se construyeron dos modelos CFD en 3 dimensiones de una laguna facultativa secundaria, usada para descontaminar las aguas residuales del municipio de Ginebra - Valle del Cauca - Colombia. Los modelos se desarrollaron usando el software ANSYS Inc. Fluent® (V.16.1) en una estación de trabajo Dell Precisión TX3500. Se empleó el método de volúmenes finitos dividiendo el dominio computacional en 161890 elementos hexagonales, usando el software Ansys Inc® ICEM CFDTM meshing software (V.16.0). Uno de los modelos CFD fue un modelo monofásico, el cual incluyó agua como fluido. El otro modelo, fue un modelo bifásico que incluyó además del agua los sólidos suspendidos del afluente. El campo hidrodinámico de ambos modelos fue validado con dos estudios experimentales de trazadores utilizando el trazador Rodamina WT (RWT). Con el modelo bifásico se simuló el fenómeno de transporte de sólidos en la laguna, la penetración de la radiación solar incidente en el cuerpo de agua, el efecto del viento en la superficie, la transferencia de calor a través de las paredes circundantes, los perfiles de temperatura transversal y longitudinal y el transporte de un contaminante orgánico persistente. Este contaminante correspondió al retardante de llama BDE 99 el cual se seleccionó porque se identificó su presencia en el afluente de la laguna. El fenómeno de transporte de sólidos se validó con datos experimentales de la concentración de sólidos suspendidos. Los fenómenos de transferencia de energía con datos experimentales de temperatura y el transporte del retardante de llama con datos experimentales de la concentración del BDE 99. Estos últimos fueron medidos en el laboratorio del Grupo de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental por Metales y Plaguicidas (GICAMP) de la Universidad del Valle. Como complemento a los modelos CFD se construyó un módulo ecológico para representar el calor de reacción de los procesos de biorremediación de amonificación, nitrificación, fotosíntesis y respiración. Para ello, las correlaciones entre variables ecológicas se construyeron utilizando un artificio estadístico conocido como modelos lineales mixtos generalizados. Estos, fueron implementados en el software Stella by Isee System. Los modelos lineales mixtos generalizados se construyeron siguiendo una estrategia que describe la relación entre una variable respuesta y una o varias variables explicativas. Con estos modelos y gracias a la incorporación de factores fijos y aleatorios se intentó dar cuenta de la complejidad del ecosistema estudiado, haciéndola más próxima a la realidad

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Objetivo: describir los factores psicosociales asociados a diagnóstico dual (retraso mental – trastornos  mentales) en una muestra de adultos residentes en Cali. Método: participaron 50 díadas conformadas por  un adulto con diagnóstico dual (ADU) y su cuidador principal. Se emplearon el cuestionario para cuidadores  (CADIT), diseñado por los autores, y la Escala Integral de Calidad de Vida (Verdugo, Gómez y Arias, 2007)  adaptada a población de Cali por los autores de este estudio. Resultados: se encontró en el factor persona,  niveles adecuados de bienestar físico (66%), de adherencia al tratamiento (86%) y de autocuidado (82%);  satisfacción media en la relación individuo-contexto (54%). En el factor familia, se identificó un buen nivel de  satisfacción de necesidades y suficientes recursos para hacer frente a las situaciones de la vida diaria (84%),  adecuado funcionamiento familiar (86%) y en un 60% de la muestra la participación de la familia en la  rehabilitación del ADU se encontraba entre regular y deficiente. En el factor social, se encontraron apoyos  regulares en un 68% y una inclusión media en un 52% de la muestra. Conclusiones: a partir de los resultados de este estudio se plantea la necesidad de orientar los programas de intervención hacia el fortalecimiento de la relación familiar como apoyo principal para los ADU; la promoción de la autonomía del ADU dentro y fuera  de su núcleo familiar; y al desarrollo de políticas públicas que generen oportunidades educativas y laborales  para los ADU, que favorezcan su inclusión social.Objective: describe the psychosocial variables associated to a dual diagnosis (mental retardation – mental  disorders) in a sample of adults in the city of Cali. Method: fifty dyads took part, made up of one adult with  dual diagnosis (ADD) and their principal care taker. A care-taker’s questionnaire (CADIT), designed by the  authors was used together with the Integral Quality of Life Scale (Verdugo, Arias & Gómez, 2007) adapted by  the authors this study to the population of Cali. Results: The personal factor showed adequate levels of  welfare (66%), treatment adherence (86%) and self-care (82%); there was also medium satisfaction in the  individual-context relation (54%).In the family factor, the study revealed a good level of needs’ satisfaction  and sufficient resources to cope with dayto- day situations (84%), adequate family functioning (86%) and for  60% of the sample the family’s participation in the ADD’s rehabilitation registered between poor and  deficient. In the social factor regular support was found (68%) and a medium inclusion of 52% of the sample.  Conclusions: the results of this study manifest the need to manage intervention programs toward  strengthening family relationships as the main support for ADD, the promotion of ADD’s autonomy within  and outside the household, and the development of public policies that create educational and employment  opportunities for ADD, for their social inclusion

MANTENIMIENTO AUTOMOTRIZ BASADO EN UN DIAGNOSTICO TRIBOLÓGICO

En este trabajo se presenta un plan de mantenimiento automotriz basado en un diagnóstico tribológico del aceite lubricante de origen mineral grado SAE 20W50 multigrado, utilizado en la lubricación de un motor de combustión interna de cuatro cilindros, 1800 cm3, motor en posición diagonal, enfriado por anticongelante, con un sistema de lubricación por bomba mecánica. Las muestras se obtuvieron bajo diferentes condiciones de uso: 0km, 1000km, 5000km y 8500km; mismas que se sometieron a diversos ensayos, tales como: Viscosidad cinemática a 40°C y 100°C (Norma ASTM-D445), Desgaste (Norma ASTM G99-05), Timken (Norma ASTM-D-2782-17) y Análisis de Aceite; esto con la finalidad de diagnosticar la degradación del aceite lubricante y el desgaste generado, considerando estos resultados, se formuló un plan de mantenimiento automotriz basado en un diagnostico tribológico del aceite lubricante del motor en estudio

Flood quantiles scaling with upper soil hydraulic properties for different land uses at catchment scale

[EN] Changes in land use within a catchment are among the causes of non-stationarity in the flood regime, as they modify the upper soil physical structure and its runoff production capacity. This paper analyzes the relation between the variation of the upper soil hydraulic properties due to changes in land use and its effect on the magnitude of peak flows: (1) incorporating fractal scaling properties to relate the effect of the static storage capacity (the sum of capillary water storage capacity in the root zone, canopy interception and surface puddles) and the upper soil vertical saturated hydraulic conductivity on the flood regime; (2) describing the effect of the spatial organization of the upper soil hydraulic properties at catchment scale; (3) examining the scale properties in the parameters of the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) probability distribution function, in relation to the upper soil hydraulic properties. This study considered the historical changes of land use in the Combeima River catchment in South America, between 1991 and 2007, using distributed hydrological modeling of daily discharges to describe the hydrological response. Through simulation of land cover scenarios, it was demonstrated that it is possible to quantify the magnitude of peak flows in scenarios of land cover changes through its Wide-Sense Simple Scaling with the upper soil hydraulic properties.This research was funded partially by the COLCIENCIAS 567 doctoral fellowship program, Universidad del Tolima project 1300213 and Universidad de Ibague (Colombia) project 12-262-COL00, and by Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (Spain) and by the Spanish Research Project ECO-TETIS (ref. CGL2011-28776-C02-01) and TETIS-MED (ref. CGL2014-58127-C3-3-R). Thanks to The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission NASA, IDEAM and IGAC in Colombia, for providing digital elevation model, streamflow, rainfall data, and soil study of the Tolima Region.Peña-Rojas, LE.; Barrios Peña, MI.; Francés, F. (2016). Flood quantiles scaling with upper soil hydraulic properties for different land uses at catchment scale. Journal of Hydrology. 541:1258-1272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.08.031S1258127254

Healthcare workers hospitalized due to COVID-19 have no higher risk of death than general population. Data from the Spanish SEMI-COVID-19 Registry

Aim To determine whether healthcare workers (HCW) hospitalized in Spain due to COVID-19 have a worse prognosis than non-healthcare workers (NHCW). Methods Observational cohort study based on the SEMI-COVID-19 Registry, a nationwide registry that collects sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data on patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Spain. Patients aged 20-65 years were selected. A multivariate logistic regression model was performed to identify factors associated with mortality. Results As of 22 May 2020, 4393 patients were included, of whom 419 (9.5%) were HCW. Median (interquartile range) age of HCW was 52 (15) years and 62.4% were women. Prevalence of comorbidities and severe radiological findings upon admission were less frequent in HCW. There were no difference in need of respiratory support and admission to intensive care unit, but occurrence of sepsis and in-hospital mortality was lower in HCW (1.7% vs. 3.9%; p = 0.024 and 0.7% vs. 4.8%; p<0.001 respectively). Age, male sex and comorbidity, were independently associated with higher in-hospital mortality and healthcare working with lower mortality (OR 0.211, 95%CI 0.067-0.667, p = 0.008). 30-days survival was higher in HCW (0.968 vs. 0.851 p<0.001). Conclusions Hospitalized COVID-19 HCW had fewer comorbidities and a better prognosis than NHCW. Our results suggest that professional exposure to COVID-19 in HCW does not carry more clinical severity nor mortality

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

CIBERER : Spanish national network for research on rare diseases: A highly productive collaborative initiative

Altres ajuts: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.CIBER (Center for Biomedical Network Research; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red) is a public national consortium created in 2006 under the umbrella of the Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII). This innovative research structure comprises 11 different specific areas dedicated to the main public health priorities in the National Health System. CIBERER, the thematic area of CIBER focused on rare diseases (RDs) currently consists of 75 research groups belonging to universities, research centers, and hospitals of the entire country. CIBERER's mission is to be a center prioritizing and favoring collaboration and cooperation between biomedical and clinical research groups, with special emphasis on the aspects of genetic, molecular, biochemical, and cellular research of RDs. This research is the basis for providing new tools for the diagnosis and therapy of low-prevalence diseases, in line with the International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC) objectives, thus favoring translational research between the scientific environment of the laboratory and the clinical setting of health centers. In this article, we intend to review CIBERER's 15-year journey and summarize the main results obtained in terms of internationalization, scientific production, contributions toward the discovery of new therapies and novel genes associated to diseases, cooperation with patients' associations and many other topics related to RD research

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Gestión del conocimiento: perspectiva multidisciplinaria. Volumen 12

El libro “Gestión del Conocimiento. Perspectiva Multidisciplinaria”, Volumen 12, de la Colección Unión Global, es resultado de investigaciones. Los capítulos del libro, son resultados de investigaciones desarrolladas por sus autores. El libro cuenta con el apoyo de los grupos de investigación: Universidad Sur del Lago “Jesús María Semprúm” (UNESUR), Zulia – Venezuela; Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Falcón Alonso Gamero (UPTAG), Falcón – Venezuela; Universidad Politécnica Territorial de Mérida Kleber Ramírez (UPTM), Mérida – Venezuela; Universidad Guanajuato (UG) - Campus Celaya - Salvatierra - Cuerpo Académico de Biodesarrollo y Bioeconomía en las Organizaciones y Políticas Públicas (C.A.B.B.O.P.P), Guanajuato – México; Centro de Altos Estudios de Venezuela (CEALEVE), Zulia – Venezuela, Centro Integral de Formación Educativa Especializada del Sur (CIFE - SUR) - Zulia - Venezuela, Centro de Investigaciones Internacionales SAS (CIN), Antioquia - Colombia.y diferentes grupos de investigación del ámbito nacional e internacional que hoy se unen para estrechar vínculos investigativos, para que sus aportes científicos formen parte de los libros que se publiquen en formatos digital e impreso