Micro-meso-macro practice tensions in using patient-reported outcome and experience measures in hospital palliative care

This article applies a micro-meso-macro analytical framework to understand clinicians’ experiences and perspectives of using patient-reported outcome and experience measures (PROMs and PREMs) in routine hospital-based palliative care. We structure our discussion through qualitative analysis of a design and implementation project for using an electronic tablet-based tool among hospital-based palliative clinicians to assess patients’ and their family caregivers’ quality of life concerns and experiences of care. Our analysis identified three categories of practice tensions shaping clinicians’ use of PROMs and PREMs in routine care: tensions surrounding implementation, tensions in standardization and quantification, and tensions that arose from scope of practice concerns. Our findings highlight that clinicians necessarily work within the confluence of multiple system priorities, that navigating these priorities can result in irreducible practice tensions, and that awareness of these tensions is a critical consideration when integrating PROMs and PREMs into routine practice

The glutamine commute: take the N line and transfer to the A

The transfer of glutamine between cells contributes to signaling as well as to metabolism. The recent identification and characterization of the system N and A family of transporters has begun to suggest mechanisms for the directional transfer of glutamine, and should provide ways to test its physiological significance in diverse processes from nitrogen to neurotransmitter release

Host Agency Perspectives on Facilitating Community-Based Clinical Experiences for Nursing Students

Nurse educators have developed many innovations for nursing education in response to the current shortage of clinical placements. Nursing programs are increasingly relying on placements in community-based agencies (some of which are not health agencies) and university-agency collaborations are being developed to enhance capacity for student placements. Our interest in this qualitative study was to elicit the perspectives of host agencies in these alternate sites regarding hosting undergraduate student clinical placements. Aims were to gain insight about (1) how community-based host agencies decide to host students, including how the number of students hosted is determined; (2) the nature of agency-university partnerships; and (3) the agency’s experiences of hosting students in relation to benefits and issues that accompany hosting students. Administrators from twenty-five community-based agencies that hosted undergraduate nursing students from the researchers’ university were invited to participate in an online survey or telephone interview, with a final sample size of eighteen respondents. Each participant was given the option of a telephone interview but most elected to complete the online survey because of its flexibility; five participants were interviewed on the phone and 13 completed the open-ended survey questions online. Findings revealed that host agency decisions to host students could have an ad hoc nature to them, and were described as contingent on various explicit and implicit factors such as staff availability, the perceived contribution of students, or a philosophic commitment to contribute to student education. Smaller agencies reported and preferred informal partnerships with the educational institutions because they were perceived to be more flexible, and all sites emphasized the need for increased, improved communication with clinical instructors and more direct supervision of student placements by the educational unit. The benefits of hosting student nurses were described as outweighing the issues and challenges. The study also revealed incongruities between the perspectives of these host agencies and typically-held views of nursing programs, whereby host agencies spoke of the “ideal student” and nursing programs tend to seek an “ideal placement”. Further research is needed to generate knowledge about expanding capacity for clinical placements, enhancing partnerships, and enriching student learning outcomes. Résumé Compte tenu de la pénurie de places de stages cliniques, les professeures en sciences infirmières ont développé plusieurs innovations en formation infirmière. Les programmes de sciences infirmières comptent de plus en plus sur les stages au sein d’organismes communautaires (certains ne sont pas des organismes de santé) et les universités favorisent des partenariats avec ces organismes afin d’accroître la capacité d’accueil de stagiaires. Cette étude qualitative visait à décrire les perspectives d’organismes hôtes dans ces sites alternatifs concernant l’accueil d’étudiantes de premier cycle dans le cadre de stages cliniques. Les objectifs étaient de mieux comprendre : (1) comment les organismes communautaires hôtes prennent la décision d’accueillir des étudiantes dans le cadre de stages cliniques et comment ils déterminent le nombre d’étudiantes qui seront accueillies; (2) la nature des partenariats organisme-université; et (3) les expériences de l’organisme en ce qui concerne l’accueil des étudiantes, plus particulièrement les avantages et les problèmes liés à l’accueil des étudiantes. Des administrateurs de vingt-cinq organismes communautaires, qui ont accueilli des étudiantes en sciences infirmières de l’université d’attache des chercheurs, ont été invités à participer à un sondage en ligne ou à une entrevue téléphonique. La taille de l’échantillon final était de dix-huit participants. La plupart des participants ont opté pour le sondage en ligne à cause de sa flexibilité; cinq participants ont répondu à une entrevue téléphonique et treize ont complété le sondage en ligne qui comportait des questions ouvertes. Les résultats indiquent que les organismes hôtes décident d’accueillir des étudiantes en stage afin de répondre à des besoins spécifiques, et la décision dépend de plusieurs facteurs explicites et implicites, tels que la disponibilité du personnel, la perception de la contribution des étudiantes, ou un engagement philosophique à contribuer à la formation d’étudiantes. Les plus petits organismes ont indiqué qu’ils préfèrent les partenariats informels avec les établissements de formation car ils les perçoivent comme étant plus souples. Tous les sites ont souligné le besoin de communications plus fréquentes et améliorées avec les enseignantes cliniques et de supervision plus directe des stages des étudiantes par l’unité d’enseignement. Les avantages d’accueillir des étudiantes étaient décrits par les organismes hôtes comme dépassant les inconvénients ou les défis. L’étude a aussi révélé des incongruités entre les perspectives des organismes hôtes et celles des programmes de sciences infirmières : les organismes hôtes décrivent ce que serait un « étudiante idéale» et les programmes de sciences infirmières souhaitent trouver le « stage idéal ». D’autres recherches seront nécessaires afin de générer des connaissances sur l’augmentation de la capacité d’accueil de stagiaires, l’amélioration des partenariats, et l’enrichissement des résultats d’apprentissage des étudiantes

Design and introduction of a quality of life assessment and practice support system: perspectives from palliative care settings

Background: Quality of life (QOL) assessment instruments, including patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and patient-reported experience measures (PREMs), are increasingly promoted as a means of enabling clinicians to enhance person-centered care. However, integration of these instruments into palliative care clinical practice has been inconsistent. This study focused on the design of an electronic Quality of Life and Practice Support System (QPSS) prototype and its initial use in palliative inpatient and home care settings. Our objectives were to ascertain desired features of a QPSS prototype and the experiences of clinicians, patients, and family caregivers in regard to the initial introduction of a QPSS in palliative care, interpreting them in context. Methods: We applied an integrated knowledge translation approach in two stages by engaging a total of 71 clinicians, 18 patients, and 17 family caregivers in palliative inpatient and home care settings. Data for Stage I were collected via 12 focus groups with clinicians to ascertain desirable features of a QPSS. Stage II involved 5 focus groups and 24 interviews with clinicians and 35 interviews with patients or family caregivers during initial implementation of a QPSS. The focus groups and interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using the qualitative methodology of interpretive description. Results: Desirable features focused on hardware (lightweight, durable, and easy to disinfect), software (simple, user-friendly interface, multi-linguistic, integration with e-health systems), and choice of assessment instruments that would facilitate a holistic assessment. Although patient and family caregiver participants were predominantly enthusiastic, clinicians expressed a mixture of enthusiasm, receptivity, and concern regarding the use of a QPSS. The analyses revealed important contextual considerations, including: (a) logistical, technical, and aesthetic considerations regarding the QPSS as a technology, (b) diversity in knowledge, skills, and attitudes of clinicians, patients, and family caregivers regarding the integration of electronic QOL assessments in care, and (c) the need to understand organizational context and priorities in using QOL assessment data. Conclusion: The process of designing and integrating a QPSS in palliative care for patients with life-limiting conditions and their family caregivers is complex and requires extensive consultation with clinicians, administrators, patients, and family caregivers to inform successful implementation

Macrolides Selectively Inhibit Mutant KCNJ5 Potassium Channels that Cause Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma

Aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) are benign tumors of the adrenal gland that constitutively produce the salt-retaining steroid hormone aldosterone and cause millions of cases of severe hypertension worldwide. Either of 2 somatic mutations in the potassium channel KCNJ5 (G151R and L168R, hereafter referred to as KCNJ5MUT) in adrenocortical cells account for half of APAs worldwide. These mutations alter channel selectivity to allow abnormal Na+ conductance, resulting in membrane depolarization, calcium influx, aldosterone production, and cell proliferation. Because APA diagnosis requires a difficult invasive procedure, patients often remain undiagnosed and inadequately treated. Inhibitors of KCNJ5MUT could allow noninvasive diagnosis and therapy of APAs carrying KCNJ5 mutations. Here, we developed a high-throughput screen for rescue of KCNJ5MUT-induced lethality and identified a series of macrolide antibiotics, including roxithromycin, that potently inhibit KCNJ5MUT, but not KCNJ5WT. Electrophysiology demonstrated direct KCNJ5MUT inhibition. In human aldosterone-producing adrenocortical cancer cell lines, roxithromycin inhibited KCNJ5MUT-induced induction of CYP11B2 (encoding aldosterone synthase) expression and aldosterone production. Further exploration of macrolides showed that KCNJ5MUT was similarly selectively inhibited by idremcinal, a macrolide motilin receptor agonist, and by synthesized macrolide derivatives lacking antibiotic or motilide activity. Macrolide-derived selective KCNJ5MUT inhibitors thus have the potential to advance the diagnosis and treatment of APAs harboring KCNJ5MUT

Optogenetic manipulation of medullary neurons in the locust optic lobe

The locust is a widely used animal model for studying sensory processing and its relation to behavior. Due to the lack of genomic information, genetic tools to manipulate neural circuits in locusts are not yet available. We examined whether Semliki Forest virus is suitable to mediate exogenous gene expression in neurons of the locust optic lobe. We subcloned a channelrhodopsin variant and the yellow fluorescent protein Venus into a Semliki Forest virus vector and injected the virus into the optic lobe of locusts (Schistocerca americana). Fluorescence was observed in all injected optic lobes. Most neurons that expressed the recombinant proteins were located in the first two neuropils of the optic lobe, the lamina and medulla. Extracellular recordings demonstrated that laser illumination increased the firing rate of medullary neurons expressing channelrhodopsin. The optogenetic activation of the medullary neurons also triggered excitatory postsynaptic potentials and firing of a postsynaptic, looming-sensitive neuron, the lobula giant movement detector. These results indicate that Semliki Forest virus is efficient at mediating transient exogenous gene expression and provides a tool to manipulate neural circuits in the locust nervous system and likely other insects

The Spatial and Temporal Expression Patterns of Integrin α9β1 and One of Its Ligands, the EIIIA Segment of Fibronectin, in Cutaneous Wound Healing

The fibronectins (FN) comprise a family of adhesive extracellular matrix proteins thought to mediate important functions in cutaneous wounds. Plasma fibronectin (pFN) extravasates for days from intact hyperpermeable vessels following injury whereas mRNAs encoding the cellular fibronectins (cFN) that include two segments, termed EIIIA (EDA) and EIIIB (EDB), are expressed by wound cells. Wounds in mice null for pFN appear to heal normally whereas those in EIIIA null mice exhibit defects, suggesting that cFN may play a role when pFN is missing. Integrin α9β1, a receptor for several extracellular matrix proteins as well as the EIIIA segment, is expressed normally in the basal layer of squamous epithelia. We report results from immunohistochemistry on healing wounds demonstrating that EIIIA-containing cFN are deposited abundantly but transiently from day 4 to 7 whereas EIIIB-containing cFN persist at least through day 14. Elevated expression of α9β1 is seen in basal and suprabasal epidermal keratinocytes in wounds. The spatial expression patterns of cFN and α9β1 are distinct, but overlap in the dermal–epidermal junction, and both are expressed contemporaneously. These observations suggest a role for α9β1–EIIIA interactions in wound keratinocyte function

Alemania. Mapas políticos. 1884

Meridiano de origen: Hierro, meridiano de origen: Paris. - Relieve representado por normales. - Dibujados meridianos y paralelos formando una cuadrícul