Ertragsentwicklung langjährig viehlos bewirtschafteter Öko- Ackerflächen am Oberrhein

The evaluation of data from arable land in the southern part of upper Rhine valley that has been cultivated in organic agriculture without livestock since 1972 showed decreasing soil-contents of plant available P and K despite of positive fertilizer balances as well as decreasing yields of cereals on sites of lower quality. Only on a profound soil with a high level of organic substance this trend was not as marked; with autumn rye and soybeans there the yield trend was even positive (see figure 1)

Gute Chancen für den Öko-Sojaanbau in Deutschland

From 2011 to 2013 a total of 35 different soybean cultivars were tested in organically managed replicated trials under a wide range of pedo-climatic conditions in Germany. The resulting yields were affected by the climatic region, soybean maturity group, water availability during grain filling and soybean cultivar. From our results we can conclude that with current cultivars a successful soybean cropping in most parts of Germany is possible. Only in the cooler regions of northern Germany and in the uplands yields are usually not competitive with other crops

Studies on the cultivation suitability of soybeans in Germany

Mit fortschreitender Klimaerwärmung und neuen, früher abreifenden Sorten mit gutem Ertrag wird der Anbau von Sojabohnen auch in Deutschland zunehmend interessant und erreichte 2015 bereits eine Anbaufläche von 17.500 ha. Geeignete Anbaubedingungen vorausgesetzt, ist die Sojabohne in der Lage, höhere Eiweißerträge in höherer Konzentration und besserer Qualität als die heimischen Körnerleguminosen Ackerbohne, Erbse und Lupine zu liefern. In der breiten Praxis fehlt es aber noch an Erfahrungen, insbesondere auch bezüglich der Anbau­eignung unter den vielfältigen Standortverhältnissen Deutschlands.Deshalb beschäftigt sich der Deutsche Sojaförderring seit einigen Jahren mit der Frage, geeignete Kriterien zur Charakterisierung der regionalen geografischen und klima­tischen Bedingungen in Deutschland in Bezug auf die Anbaueignung von Sojabohnen zu finden bzw. zu defi­nieren. Als Kooperationspartner fungierte dabei das Julius Kühn-Institut.Im Wesentlichen ging es darum, Einflussfaktoren wie Temperatur, Niederschlag, Globalstrahlung und Bodengüte geeignet zu klassifizieren und entsprechend zu gewichten, um die örtlichen Rahmenbedingungen für den Sojabohnenanbau objektiv bewerten zu können und in einer detaillierten Karte zu visualisieren und zu dokumentieren.Die im nachfolgenden Beitrag vorgestellten Ergebnisse stellen einen Konsens zwischen allen beteiligten Wissenschaftlern dar und gelten seit Mitte 2016 als geeignete Orientierungshilfe.Global warming and new, early ripening varieties with good yield make the cultivation of soybean increasingly attractive also in Germany. In 2015 a cropping area of 17,500 ha was reached. Under suitable growing conditions, soybean can provide higher protein yields in higher concentration and better quality than the domestic legumes bean, pea and lupine. The broad practice, however, still lacks experience in particular with respect to the suitability of the various local conditions in Germany for soybean cultivation.For this reason, the Deutsche Sojaförderring has dealt for several years with the issue to find or define appro­priate criteria to characterize the regional geographic and climatic conditions in Germany with regard to the suitability for the cultivation of soybean. Research has been done in co-operation with the Julius Kühn-Institut.Basically, the aim was to classify influential factors like temperature, precipitation, global radiation and soil quality and to weigh them accordingly to allow an objective assessment of the general local conditions for soybean cultivation and to visualize and document them in a detailed map.The results presented are a consensus of the involved scientists. They have been an appropriate orientation aid since the middle of 2016

N2-Fixierleistung von Sojabohnen und Erbsen im ökologischen Anbau

The aim of this study was to detect the N2-fixation of soybeans and peas in organic farming for improvement of the economic evaluation. Therefore experiments were established in Forchheim am Kaiserstuhl and Hohenkammer in 2015. The N2-fixation is calculated by the difference method after Stülpnagel with the extension III after Hauser. The results at both sites are quite different with regard to the soybeans. A much higher N2-fixation was calculated at the site of Hohenkammer, whereas the results for the peas are in a similar range for both sites

Inoculation of soybean seed – inoculation for an efficient nitrogen supply

This practice note from Legumes Translated explains how to effectively inoculate the seed or soil for successful soybean crops. Different products types and inoculant strains are discussed, and key practice points are highlighted, like doubling the dose if soybeans have never been grown in the intended field and inoculating and sowing should take plans on the same day! Further information is provided, and a list of inoculant producers is provided. This tool is not specific to organic agriculture but is applicable for all soy producers who aim for higher quality and higher yields by utilising biological nitrogen fixation

Organic Soybean production in Europe

Due to its high (40%) protein content the global significance of soybean has been constantly growing in food and feed production alike. The manual consists of relevant up-to-date information of production, processing and marketing of soybean in Europe and can be used by organic producers, processors, traders, policy makers and other stakeholders as well. Its aim is to provide basic yet comprehensive guidelines for the development of the European production and market

Alternative methods for the treatment of post-menopausal troubles

[english] Menopause is described as the transition from the reproductive phase of a women to the non reproductive. Changes in hormone levels might lead to complaints and health consequences especially during peri- and postmenopause. Hormone therapy has a potential damaging health risk profile and is recommended for temporal limited therapy for acute vasomotor symptoms only.The present HTA-report aims to assess the effectiveness and the cost-effectiveness of alternative treatment methods for women with postmenopausal symptoms in Germany regarding patient relevant endpoints (reduction of symptoms and frequency of adverse events and improvement of quality of life).A systematic literature search was carried out in 33 relevant databases in September 2010. Citations were selected according to pre-defined criteria and were extracted and evaluated.In the systematic research 22 studies are identified for the effectiveness evaluation, 22 primary studies and one review.High doses of isolated genistein reduce the frequency/intensity of hot flashes while low doses of genistein show no significant effect. Intake of isoflavone extract such as genistein, daidzein, glycitein in various combinations does not have an effect on improvement of cognitive function or vaginal dryness. The effect of black cohosh and hop extract for menopausal complaints cannot be determined since results are heterogenous. The combination of isoflavone, black cohosh, monk’s pepper, valerian and vitamin E has a positive effect on menopause symptoms. Ginkgo biloba shows no significant effect on menopause symptoms and cognitive improvement beside mental flexibility. Acupuncture has a significant influence on hot flashes especially in severe cases.No final statement can be drawn regarding the effectiveness of alter­ne treatment methods due to qualitative shortcomings of included studies and a general limited availability of studies in this field. Furthermore, the generalization of the present HTA is limited due to the inclusion of only postmenopausal women.<br><br>[german] Als Wechseljahre wird der Übergang von der reproduktiven Phase der Frau zur nicht-reproduktiven beschrieben. Insbesondere in der Peri- und Postmenopause können Beschwerden aufgrund des sich veränderten Hormonspiegels auftreten. Aktuell wird die Hormontherapie wegen der mit dieser verbundenen Risiken nur noch zur kurzfristigen Behandlung akuter vasomotorischer Symptome empfohlen. Von den betroffenen Frauen werden alternative und komplementäre Heilmethoden eingesetzt.Im vorliegenden Health Technology Assessment (HTA) sollen die Effektivität und Kosteneffektivität alternativer Behandlungsmethoden von postmenopausalen Wechseljahresbeschwerden in Deutschland hinsichtlich der patientenrelevanten Endpunkte Verringerung der Symptomatik, Häufigkeit unerwünschter Ereignisse sowie Verbesserung der Lebensqualität bewertet werden. In 33 relevanten Datenbanken wird im September 2010 eine systematische Literatursuche durchgeführt. Gefundene und relevante Literaturstellen werden gemäß vorab definierter Kriterien selektiert. Die Daten der Literaturstellen werden gezielt herausgesucht, bewertet und zusammenfassend beurteilt.Aus der systematischen Recherche werden 22 Studien, davon 15 Primärstudien und ein Review zur Bewertung der Effektivität identifiziert.Hochdosiertes isoliertes Genistein reduziert die Anzahl/Schwere von Hitzewallungen, während niedrig dosiertes Genistein keinen signifikanten Effekt zeigt. Die Gabe von Isoflavonextrakten, die Genistein, Daidzein, Glycitein in unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung enthalten, hat keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Verbesserung kognitiver Fähigkeiten oder vaginale Trockenheit. Traubensilberkerzen- und Hopfenextrakt führen zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen bezüglich der Wirksamkeit bei postmenopausalen Beschwerden, sodass keine abschließende Aussage zur Effektivität getroffen werden kann. Die Kombination von Isoflavonen, Traubensilberkerze, Mönchspfeffer, Baldrian und Vitamin E hat eine positive Wirkung auf postmenopausale Symptome. Ginkgo biloba zeigt keinen signifikanten Effekt auf postmenopausale Symptome und eine kognitive Verbesserung mit Ausnahme der mentalen Flexibilität. Akupunktur hat einen signifikanten Einfluss auf Hitzewallungen, insbesondere auf deren Schweregrad.Aufgrund der qualitativen Mängel (Concealment, Randomisierung, Fallzahlplanung) der eingeschlossenen Studien und der begrenzten Anzahl an Studien kann keine abschließende zusammenfassende Bewertung zur Wirksamkeit alternativer Heilmethoden gegeben werden. Die Verallgemeinerbarkeit des vorliegenden HTA wird durch die Beschränkung auf postmenopausale Frauen reduziert

Mites in soybean production

Pests are generally not a problem in European soybean crops. Spider mites account for a large proportion of what pest damage there is. The risk of damage is high during dry and hot conditions in summer. Several mite species can damage soybean plants, but two are more harmful than others: the spider mite (Tetranychus atlanticus) and the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae). There are no acaricides available for use in soybean in the European Union (EU) and chemical control is not an option in the EU or for crops grown to EU standards elsewhere.Legumes Translated Practice Note 2

Symmetry breaking boundaries I. General theory

We study conformally invariant boundary conditions that break part of the bulk symmetries. A general theory is developped for those boundary conditions for which the preserved subalgebra is the fixed algebra under an abelian orbifold group. We explicitly construct the boundary states and reflection coefficients as well as the annulus amplitudes. Integrality of the annulus coefficients is proven in full generality.Comment: 60 pages, LaTeX2e; typos fixed and other minor correction

Projections in string theory and boundary states for Gepner models

In string theory various projections have to be imposed to ensure supersymmetry. We study the consequences of these projections in the presence of world sheet boundaries. A-type boundary conditions come in several classes; only boundary fields that do not change the class preserve supersymmetry. Our analysis takes in particular properly into account the resolution of fixed points under the projections. Thus e.g. the compositeness of some previously considered boundary states of Gepner models follows from chiral properties of the projections. Our arguments are model independent; in particular, integrality of all annulus coefficients is ensured by model independent arguments.Comment: 37 pages, LaTeX2