5,417 research outputs found

    Distribution functions for a family of axially symmetric galaxy models

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    We present the derivation of distribution functions for the first four members of a family of disks, previously obtained in (MNRAS, 371, 1873, 2006), which represent a family of axially symmetric galaxy models with finite radius and well behaved surface mass density. In order to do this we employ several approaches that have been developed starting from the potential-density pair and, essentially using the method introduced by Kalnajs (Ap. J., 205, 751, 1976) we obtain some distribution functions that depend on the Jacobi integral. Now, as this method demands that the mass density can be properly expressed as a function of the gravitational potential, we can do this only for the first four discs of the family. We also find another kind of distribution functions by starting with the even part of the previous distribution functions and using the maximum entropy principle in order to find the odd part and so a new distribution function, as it was pointed out by Dejonghe (Phys. Rep., 133, 217, 1986). The result is a wide variety of equilibrium states corresponding to several self-consistent finite flat galaxy models.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures, updated version, accepted for publication in Rev. Acad. Colomb. Cienc. Ex. Fis. Na

    Injeção espinhal de anestésico local durante injeção em facetas articulares cervicais

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    ResumoIntroduçãoA dor nas articulações facetárias é uma fonte mundialmente comum de dores nas costas não radiculares. As modalidades de intervenções não cirúrgicas continuam sendo os pilares no tratamento da dorsalgia facetária e ocupam o segundo lugar entre os procedimentos mais comumente feitos nos EUA para o manejo da dor.Relato de casoPaciente do sexo masculino, 36 anos, com dor cervical crônica secundária à artrose facetária em C6‐C7 (confirmada por radiografia), submetido a exame diagnóstico bilateral das facetas com injeção de anestésico local sob orientação fluoroscópica. O lado esquerdo foi injetado sem intercorrências; porém, um‐doisminutos após a injeção do lado direito, o paciente queixou‐se de mal‐estar e ficou muito ansioso. Mencionou parestesia nos braços, no tórax e no abdome superior. O exame físico revelou déficits sensoriais de, aproximadamente, C5 a T7, sem déficit motor; medidas de reanimação não eram justificáveis. Os déficits foram completamente resolvidos em 35‐40minutos na área de recuperação.DiscussãoA aplicação de injeções nas articulações facetárias é um método comum e seguro de tratar a dor nas costas secundária à artropatia facetária. Apesar dos excelentes perfis de segurança, complicações raras e, às vezes, com risco de morte podem ocorrer. Nosso caso relata a injeção intratecal de anestésico local durante injeção nas facetas articulares. Poucos relatos descreveram situações semelhantes. Levantamos a hipótese de um mecanismo de entrada através da faceta articular, por causa da proximidade do ligamento amarelo e do espaço intratecal com o aspecto anterior da faceta articular. Esse relato reforça a necessidade de reanimação e de equipamentos para o manejo das vias aéreas estarem prontamente disponíveis quando procedimentos intervencionistas são feitos, bem como a necessidade de estabelecer o domínio do conhecimento no manejo das vias aéreas e das técnicas de reanimação e treinamento em medicina da dor.AbstractIntroductionFacet joint pain is a common source of non‐radicular back pain worldwide. Non‐surgical interventional modalities remain the mainstay in the treatment of facetogenic back pain and comprise the second most commonly performed interventional pain procedures in the USA.CaseA 36 year‐old man with chronic cervical pain secondary to C6–C7 facet arthrosis radiographically, underwent diagnostic local anesthetic bilateral facet joint injection under fluoroscopic guidance. The left side was injected uneventfully; however, 1–2min following injection of the right side the patient complained of unwellness and became very anxious. He referred paresthesias of the bilateral upper extremities, chest and upper abdomen. Physical examination showed sensory deficits roughly from C5 to T7 without motor deficits; resuscitation measures were not warranted. The deficits were completely resolved by 35–40min in the recovery area.DiscussionFacet joint injections are a common and safe method of treating back pain secondary to facet arthropathy. Despite excellent safety profiles, rare and sometimes, life‐threatening complications can occur. Our case hypothesizes intrathecal injection of local anesthetic during facet joint injection. Few reports have described similar situations. We hypothesize a mechanism of entry through the facet joint, given the proximity of the ligamentum flavum, and the intrathecal space to the anterior aspect of the facet joint. This report reinforces the need for resuscitation and airway management equipment to be readily available where interventional procedures are performed, as well as the need for adequate proficiency in airway management and resuscitation techniques in Pain Medicine training

    Convulsões não epilépticas psicogênicas em sala de recuperação pós‐anestésica

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    ResumoIntroduçãoAs convulsões não epilépticas psicogênicas (CNEP ou “pseudoconvulsões”) permanecem como tema obscuro no cenário perioperatório. Trata‐se de distúrbios motores e cognitivos súbitos, mas por tempo limitado, que imitam as convulsões epilépticas, mas que são psicogenicamente mediados. Pseudoconvulsões ocorrem com mais frequência do que epilepsia em cenário perioperatório. O diagnóstico e o tratamento precoces podem evitar lesões iatrogênicas.CasoPaciente do sexo feminino, 48 anos, com história de depressão e “convulsões”, apresentou‐se para cirurgia ginecológica. A paciente descreveu sua história de convulsões “controladas” sem o uso de terapia anticonvulsivante. Foi submetida à anestesia geral sem intercorrências e recuperou‐se neurologicamente intacta. Durante as duas primeiras horas de pós‐operatório, apresentou três episódios semelhantes à convulsão, com tremores generalizados das extremidades e impulso pélvico; seus olhos estavam bem fechados. Não observamos mordedura da língua ou incontinência. Os episódios duraram cerca de trêsminutos cada; um dos episódios resolveu espontaneamente e os outros dois após a administração de lorazepam por via intravenosa. Durante os episódios, a condição hemodinâmica da paciente era estável e a ventilação adequada, de modo que a intubação traqueal foi considerada injustificável. Após a convulsão, a paciente estava neurologicamente intacta. Tomografia axial da cabeça, teste metabólico e eletroencefalograma não mostraram alterações. O diagnóstico de provável CNEP foi feito.DiscussãoAs convulsão não epilépticas psicogênicas imitam o tremor e devem ser inicialmente consideradas no diagnóstico diferencial de tremor pós‐operatório, pois podem ser mais prováveis do que a epilepsia nesse cenário. Os padrões da pseudoconvulsão incluem episódios convulsivos assíncronos que duram mais de 90segundos, olhos forçadamente fechados com resistência à abertura e respostas pupilares mantidas. Manifestações autonômicas, como taquicardia, cianose e incontinência, normalmente estão ausentes. Uma história psiquiátrica é comum. O conhecimento e o diagnóstico correto de pseudoconvulsões são muito importantes para os anestesiologistas para a prevenção de morbidade e lesões iatrogênicas, como a parada respiratória causada por terapia anticonvulsivante, além dos riscos associados à intubação orotraqueal e internação prolongada. O diagnóstico de pseudoconvulsões deve ser cuidadosamente documentado e retransmitido nas trocas de equipes médicas para evitar erros de diagnóstico e complicações iatrogênicas. As recomendações de tratamento são anedóticas; intervenções psiquiátricas são o pilar do tratamento. As recomendações anestésicas incluem técnicas que envolvem o uso de agentes de ação curta, juntamente com altos níveis de apoio e amparo psicológico no período perioperatório.AbstractIntroductionPsychogenic non‐epileptic seizures (PNES or “pseudoseizures”) remain an obscure topic in the peri‐operative setting. They are sudden and time‐limited motor and cognitive disturbances, which mimic epileptic seizures, but are psychogenically mediated. Pseudoseizures occur more frequently than epilepsy in the peri‐operative setting. Early diagnosis and management may prevent iatrogenic injury.Case48 year‐old female with a history of depression and “seizures” presented for gynecologic surgery. She described her seizure history as “controlled” without anticonvulsant therapy. The patient underwent uneventful general anesthesia and recovered neurologically intact. During the first two postoperative hours, the patient experienced 3 episodes of seizure‐like activity with generalized shaking of extremities and pelvic thrusting; her eyes were firmly closed. No tongue biting or incontinence was noted. The episodes lasted approximately 3min each, one of which resolved spontaneously and the other two following intravenous lorazepam. During these episodes, the patient had stable hemodynamics and adequate ventilation such that endotracheal intubation was deemed unwarranted. Post‐ictally, the patient was neurologically intact. Computed axial tomography of the head, metabolic assay, and electroencephalogram showed no abnormalities. A presumptive diagnosis of PNES was made.DiscussionPsychogenic non‐epileptic seizures mimic shivering, and should be considered early in the differential diagnosis of postoperative shaking, as they may be more likely than epilepsy in this setting. Pseudoseizure patterns include asynchronous convulsive episodes lasting more than 90s, forced eye closure with resistance to opening, and retained pupillary responses. Autonomic manifestations such as tachycardia, cyanosis and incontinence are usually absent. A psychiatric background is common. Knowledge and correct diagnosis of pseudoseizures is of great importance for anesthesiologists to prevent morbidity and iatrogenic injury such as respiratory arrest caused by anticonvulsant therapy, in addition to the risks associated with endotracheal intubation and prolonged hospital stays. The diagnosis of pseudoseizures must be thoroughly documented and relayed in transfer of care to avoid misdiagnosis and iatrogenic complications. Treatment recommendations are anecdotal; psychiatric interventions are the hallmark of treatment. Anesthetic recommendations include techniques involving the minimum required short‐acting agents, along with high levels of peri‐operative psychological support and reassurance

    Zoogeographical relationships of the littoral ascidiofauna around the Antarctic Peninsula in the Scotia Arc and in the Magellan region

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    Three Spanish Antarctic research cruises (Ant-8611, Bentart-94 and Bentart-95) were carried out in the South Shetland Archipelago (Antarctic Peninsula) and Scotia Arc (South Orkney, South Sandwich and South Georgia archipelagos) on the continental shelf and upper slope (10-600 m depth). They have contributed to our knowledge about ascidian distribution and the zoogeographical relationships with the neighbouring areas and the other Subantarctic islands. The distribution of ascidian species suggests that the Scotia Arc is divided into two sectors, the South Orkney Archipelago, related to the Antarctic Province, and the South Georgia Archipelago (probably including the South Sandwich Archipelago), which is intermediate between the Antarctic Province and the Magellan region

    Deformacion bajo carga a elevadas temperaturas de materiales refractarios

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    Se presenta una técnica de ensayo que permite obtener resultados reales de deformación bajo carga a elevadas temperaturas . Se ensayaron siete arcillas refractarias argentinas, en estado natural y previamente calcinadas a 1 450°c. Se presentan las curvas de aplastamiento obtenidas y las características físico-químicas de los materiales ensayados. Se exponen conclusiones referentes al método de ensayo y al comportamiento de las arcillas estudiadas. Como complemento se dan a conocer los resultados obtenidos en ensayos realizados sobre ladrillos refractarios sílico- aluminosos de fabricación nacional.A testing technique is presented which allows to obtain more accurate results of deformation under load at high temperatures . Seven refractory clays were tested, in his natural state and heated at 145°C. Curves of deformation under load obtained and physico-chemical chracteristics of tested materials are given. Conclusions are drawn with reference to the testing method and the behaviour of studied clays. As a complement, results obtained when testing a series , of silico-aluminous refractory bricks, are included

    Cochlear Implant in Single-Sided Deafness Children and Adults

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    Binaural hearing in humans ensures our effective communication as it improves the sound localization, the speech understanding in noise, the spatial awareness, the listening easiness, and the development of spoken language. The majority of the literature on patients with single-sided deafness and cochlear implantation involves adult patients; the cochlear implant is a viable and cost-effective treatment option for this population. So in this chapter, we will emphasize the importance of early treatment of unilateral hearing loss in the pediatric age and the emerging indication of the cochlear implant as a treatment

    Mathematical Model of Bridge-Linked Photovoltaic Arrays Operating Under Irregular Conditions

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    Este artículo presenta un procedimiento matemático para modelar un arreglo fotovoltaico (N filas y M columnas) en configuración puente-vinculado operando en condiciones regulares o irregulares. Dicho procedimiento usa el modelo ideal de un diodo para representar cada modulo fotovoltaico y la ecuación de Shockley para representar cada diodo de desviación. Para plantear el sistema de NxM ecuaciones no lineales requerido para obtener los voltajes de cada modulo, el modelo propuesto aplica la ley de corrientes de Kirchhoff a cada nodo interno del arreglo y la ley de voltajes de Kirchhoff a: cada lazo creado en la parte superior de una conexión entre dos columnas consecutivas y a cada columna con respecto al voltaje del arreglo. Además, el modelo provee un procedimiento para obtener la matriz Jacobiana para reducir el tiempo de solución del sistema de ecuaciones. El modelo circuital de dos arreglos (pequeño: 3x3 y mediano: 20x3) fue implementado en Simulink para validar el modelo. La exactitud y mejora en la velocidad de cálculo del modelo propuesto permite su uso para realizar evaluaciones energéticas de arreglos en puente vinculado o su comparación con otras configuraciones típicas, lo cual puede ser útil en el diseño de plantas fotovoltaica.This paper presents a mathematical procedure to model a photovoltaic array (N rows and M columns) in bridge-linked configuration operating under regular and irregular conditions. The proposed procedure uses the ideal single-diode model representation for each photovoltaic module and the Shockley equation to represent each bypass diode. To pose the system of NxM non-linear equations required to obtain the voltages of each module of the array, the proposed model apply the Kirchhoff current law to each internal node of the array and the Kirchhoff voltage law to: each loop created in the upper part of each connection of two consecutive strings and each string with respect to the output voltage of the array. Moreover, the model provide a procedure to obtain the Jacobian matrix to reduce the solution time of the equation system. The circuital model of two arrays (small: 3x3 and medium: 20x3) were implemented in Simulink to validate the proposed model. The accuracy and improved calculation speed of the proposed model allow its use to perform energetic evaluations of bridge-linked arrays or its comparison with other typical array configurations, which can be useful in the designing of photovoltaic plants

    Managing within networks. Adding value to public organizations

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    Robert Agranoff. Washington, DC, Georgetown University Press, 200
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