Synthesis and Exploration of Dopamine and 4‐ HPAA Analogs for Norcoclaurine Synthase

Precursor directed biosynthesis (PDB) presents a useful approach for modifying large scale drug and drug lead mole cules . Large molecular structures are synthetically modified as part of total synthesis approach, and often result in l ow yield and expensive r eagents. Of particular interest are plant alkaloid drugs, many of which come from tetrahydroisoquinoline (THI) precursor. We present an organic synthesis of novel dopamine and 4 - hydroxyphenacetaldehyde (4-HPAA) analogs as precursors for enzymatic conversion to tetrahydroisoquinoline analogs using norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) . Modifications for investigation include halogenation of the 2 and 5 positions of the aromatic ring and variation of atoms in the ethylamine chain of the dopamine molecule. Modifications for 4- HPAA include exploration of different amino acids as starting materials for THI conversion. Exploration of THI analogs a llows for investigation of complex molecules such as, berberine, sanguinarine, galanthamine, and other plant alkaloid drugs. Precursor directed biosynthesis presents an interesting way to incorporate structural modifications for large drug candidates without total synthetic approach

Examining the Role of Cholesterol in Src Activation and Effect on Downstream Signaling Using Biosensors

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers among women. While advances have been made in breast cancer treatments, intrinsic heterogeneity and complexity of the disease leave some patients with limited treatment options. One subclass, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), which constitutes about 15% of total breast cancer cases, lacks the three common treatment targets – estrogen, progesterone, and Her2 receptors. Overall, TNBC is more aggressive and has a higher relapse rate and a worse prognosis than other types of breast cancer. Further complicating the treatment of TNBC is the degree of genetic heterogeneity among TNBC cells, which necessitates the identification of new molecular targets for a tailored, cell type-specific therapy for TNBC. Accumulating evidence has linked cholesterol to the progression of breast cancer but epidemiological and clinical studies have produced conflicting data, underscoring the need to elucidate cellular signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms directly linking cholesterol to breast cancer cell progression. Based on our recent work showing that the cholesterol level at the inner plasma membrane (IPM) controls the proliferative signaling activity of cells, we investigated the link between IPM cholesterol levels of TNBC cells and their oncogenic signaling activity. By means of our ratiometric fluorescence sensor-based quantitative cholesterol imaging technology, we determined the IPM cholesterol levels of several TNBC cells and found that they consistently higher IPM cholesterol levels than other breast cancer cells and primary breast cells, leading to constitutive activation of Src kinase. Our biophysical studies showed that Src can directly interact with cholesterol via its Src-homology 2 (SH2) domain. Further mechanistic investigation revealed that IPM cholesterol-mediated activation of Src led to activation of Ras-mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling axis, which is responsible for aggressive phenotypes of TNBC cells, including cell migration and proliferation. We also developed small molecule inhibitors for Src-cholesterol binding that can potentially serve as a drug candidate for TNBC. Collectively, our study demonstrates a new mechanistic link between cholesterol and TNBC progression and offers a novel and exciting possibility to expand treatment options for this aggressive form of breast cancer

Hedgehog pathway activation through nanobody-mediated conformational blockade of the Patched sterol conduit

Activation of the Hedgehog pathway may have therapeutic value for improved bone healing, taste receptor cell regeneration, and alleviation of colitis or other conditions. Systemic pathway activation, however, may be detrimental, and agents amenable to tissue targeting for therapeutic application have been lacking. We have developed an agonist, a conformation-specific nanobody against the Hedgehog receptor Patched1 (PTCH1). This nanobody potently activates the Hedgehog pathway in vitro and in vivo by stabilizing an alternative conformation of a Patched1 "switch helix," as revealed by our cryogenic electron microscopy structure. Nanobody-binding likely traps Patched in one stage of its transport cycle, thus preventing substrate movement through the Patched1 sterol conduit. Unlike the native Hedgehog ligand, this nanobody does not require lipid modifications for its activity, facilitating mechanistic studies of Hedgehog pathway activation and the engineering of pathway activating agents for therapeutic use. Our conformation-selective nanobody approach may be generally applicable to the study of other PTCH1 homologs