APPLICATION OF GIS AND STATISTICAL METHODS TO SELECT OPTIMUM MODEL FOR MALARIA SUSCEPTIBILITY ZONATION: A CASE STUDY

The representation and analysis of maps of malaria-incidence data is a basic tool in the analysis of regional variation in public health. An attempt has been made for Varanasi district, India to develop malaria susceptibility model using different statistical methods, by which malaria prone zones could be predicted using five classes of malaria susceptibility and comparison of statistical methods to select optimum model for malaria susceptibility zone and verification of the susceptibility zone by area under curve (AUC) though Remote Sensing data and GIS. Multiple linear regression, Information value and heuristic methods are applied for malaria disease occurrence. Using the causal factors and indicators, malaria susceptibility index (MSI) and malaria susceptibility zones (MSZ) are developed. Malaria density ratio (Qs) is used to calculate optimum model for malaria susceptibility index and malaria susceptibility zones. The verification method is performed by comparison of existing malaria data and malaria analysis results by area under curve (AUC). It is found that the information value method having Qs=3.96 has been selected as an optimum model for malaria susceptibility zonation in the study area, whereas Qs value for Heuristics method and Multiple linear regression method are 1.67 and 1.43 respectively. Verification results show that in the information value case, the area under curve (AUC) is 0.696 and the prediction accuracy is 69.60%. In the heuristic and multiple linear regression case, the AUC is 0.603 and 0.484 and the prediction accuracy is 60.30% and 48.40% respectively

Ground Water in the City of Varanasi, India: present status and prospects

The city of Varanasi is short of water. The city obtains a total of 270 million litres water from the river Ganga and tubewells. Yet every fifth citizen lacks drinking water. The ground water is polluted due to nitrate and faecal coliform. A further problem is the plan to settle the growing population in a new township nearby under the integrated development plan of Greater Varanasi, a part of the Jawajarlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission. To fulfill the growing demand of fresh water, new water bearing horizon of the most affected part of the city i.e. southern part is to be identified. This paper reports a study of the variation in the grain size attributes of an aquifer material taken from different depths from the affected region in order to establish the generalized hydrological properties and recommend the depth of the well accordingly. From the grain size analysis and hydrological study it may be concluded that water bearing zones are mainly found in three horizons at the depths 44-56 m; 56-87 m; and 87-165 m. The third water bearing horizon (total thickness being 78 m) can act as a good potential ground water horizon for a new township. Due to its greater depth, the water would be relatively fresh being characterized by very low concentration of dissolved solids. Therefore, this horizon is strongly recommended for utilizing the water resource for the township

Characterization of Small Molecules that Degrade YAP1 Protein in Cancer

https://openworks.mdanderson.org/sumexp21/1159/thumbnail.jp

Homotopy perturbation method to space–time fractional solidification in a finite slab

AbstractA mathematical model describing the space and time fractional solidification of fluid initially at its freezing temperature contained in a finite slab under the constant wall temperature is presented. The approximate analytical solution of this problem is obtained by the homotopy perturbation method. The results thus obtained are compared with exact solution of integer order (β=1,α=2) and are good agreement. The problem has been studied in detail by considering different order time and space fractional derivatives. The temperature distribution and the moving interface position for different fractional order space and time derivatives are shown graphically. The model and the solution are the generalization of the previous works and include them as special cases

Integration of GIS with Survey Data for Electrical Asset Mapping in Robertsganj town of India

GIS based consumer indexing and electrical network mapping delivers a tool for consumer, asset and electrical load management for actual decision making in the power sector and its database applications can increase the utility’s efficiency if appropriately integrated with other business developments. In India, the power submission department continuously wishes to update their consumer data and the related electric asset features. The consumer’s data source has to be recorded and show the pertinent linkages with the distribution transformer (DTR), feeder and substation. The present paper mainly focus on the application of geographic information system (GIS) integrated with high resolution remote sensing data and field survey data for mapping of various electrical asset elements of Roberstganj town of Uttar Pradesh, India. The electrical assets like high tension line (HT), low tension lines (LT), distribution transformers (DTRs), various types of electrical poles, feeders, substations etc. of Robertsganj town are extensively surveyed using the high resolution remote sensing data and then updated on GIS platforms using ARC GIS-10.3 software. The exact location of each electrical asset elements of the study area is captured using GPS and same has been plotted on the remote sensing data. In   the study area electrification   rate   is   low   which approximately 50-60% is and quality power supply is still a faraway. It  is identified that the total HT and LT pole in 2011 is 959 and 1421 respectively while it is 1733 and 1899 in 2015. Electric data base prepared though GIS is very useful  for  decision  making,  future  planning  and study such as locations of dangerous poles,  load on a specific transformer or location of loose jumpers  of  HT/LT  line

Assessment of Pollution Status with Respect to Up and Down Stream Influences of Gomti River in Jaunpur City, India

River is important for every human being as well as flora and fauna. Over the last century, riverine ecosystems have suffered from intense human intervention resulting in habitat loss and degradation and as a consequence, many biotic species have become highly endangered, particular in rivers where heavy demand is placed on freshwaters. This study was aimed to estimate the pollution status and their variation across the stretch of river Gomti flowing through the city of Jaunpur. The sampling is concerned from upstream to downstream regions of the river through the city. Four sampling sites namely, Gokul Ghat (upstream), Gular Ghat, Shastri Bridge and Gomti Barrage (downstream) were selected for sampling. The water samples were collected and analyzed for a period of one year during March 2016 to February 2017. For the study total 6 parameters such as Temperature, pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Nitrate (NO3-) and Phosphate (PO43-) were detected with reference to the monsoonal variation (summer, monsoon and winter). The results indicate that Gomti River water was in polluted condition due to the city drainage systems, unplanned municipal wastes and industrial waste. Religious idol immersions are also found on the bank and in river water. On the other hand river was polluted mainly by local waste like daily garbage, faecal flow and plastic bags. It indicates that the unplanned urbanization is responsible for the deterioration of river water. To keep the river clean for the future, it is strongly recommended that urban effluents should not be over-looked before their discharge into the river and it is very necessary to assess the river water quality and subsequently, prepare the mitigation measures to reduced pollution level in Gomti Rive

Using the information value method in a geographic information system and remote sensing for malaria mapping: a case study from India

Background This paper explores the scope of malaria-susceptibility modelling to predict malaria occurrence in an area.Objective An attempt has been made in Varanasi district, India, to evaluate the status of malaria disease and to develop a model by which malaria-prone zones could be predicted using five classes of relative malaria susceptibility, i.e. very low, low, moderate, high and very high categories.The information value (Info Val) method was used to assess malaria occurrence and various time-were used as the independent variables. A geographical information system (GIS) is employed to investigate associations between such variables and distribution of different mosquitoes responsible for malaria transmission. Accurate prediction of risk depends on a number of variables, such as land use, NDVI, climatic factors, population, distance to health centres, ponds, streams and roads etc., all of which have an influence on malaria transmission or reporting. Climatic factors, particularly rainfall, temperature and relative humidity, are known to have a major influence on the biology of mosquitoes. To produce a malaria-susceptibility map using this method, weightings are calculated for various classes in each group. The groups are then superimposed to prepare a Malaria Susceptibility Index (MSI) map.Results We found that 3.87% of the malaria cases were found in areas with a low malaria-susceptibility level predicted from the model, whereas 39.86% and 26.29% of malaria cases were found in predicted high and very high susceptibility level areas, respectively.Conclusions Malaria susceptibility modelled using a GIS may have a role in predicting the risks of malaria and enable public health interventions to be better targeted

Close Circuit Security System Using At89c51

The purpose of this project is to provide a field that’s depending on less manual operations because everyone is interested in automated systems. To face new challenges in the present day situation automated systems are more accurate, flexible and reliable. Due to these reasons every field prefers automated control systems. Especially in electronics automated systems are doing better job. The ideal system to protect your property is CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) Not only does it act a visual deterrent but the video or digital recording provides an invaluable method of recording crime, violence or anti-social behaviour. CCTV systems offer such a wide area of applications and benefits 24-hours a day. Systems can aid the monitoring of stock, personnel, visitors, access control and prevent health and safety incidences

Future climate change conditions may compromise metabolic performance in juveniles of the mud crab Scylla serrata

This work was supported by a PhD scholarship granted by the University of Plymouth to EA (PI LMT).Research characterising the effects of future climate change on the marine environment remains heavily focussed on that of temperate regions and organisms. Furthermore, little is known of these effects on the early life stages of many marine species. Tropical regions are already experiencing an increase in sea surface temperature and decrease in sea surface salinity, conditions favoured by pathogenic bacteria such as Vibrio spp. The early life stages of crabs are known to be particularly vulnerable to both the direct physiological effects of climate change and exposure to harmful microorganisms, yet there are limited data on these effects on juveniles of many tropical crustacean species. This study assessed the metabolic responses of mud crab (Scylla serrata) juveniles to warming and/or freshening in the presence or absence of pathogenic bacteria in southwest India. Juvenile crabs were exposed to either ambient (28 °C/30 PSU) or one of three projected climate change regimes (28 °C/20 PSU (freshening), 32 °C/30 PSU (warming), 32 °C/20 PSU (warming + freshening)) for 10 days, in either the presence or absence of the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Results show that simulated climate change conditions, especially freshening, caused a significant increase in oxygen consumption rates (MO2), and that these were further increased when juveniles were exposed to V. parahaemolyticus. These results suggest that the effects of future climate change conditions could have significant implications for the conservation of wild stocks and commercial farming of this species in South Asia.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Diagnosis, Clinical and Molecular Delineation of Human Plasmodium Species from Mangaluru, Southwest India

Malaria is a global threat and a never-ending battle without appropriate identification and differentiation of the parasite species. This work compared the diagnostic methods including the thick film microscopy technique, quantitative buffy coat, and polymerase chain reaction. The inaccuracy of species determination by microscopy and the consequent treatment regime underlines the necessity to upgrade routine diagnostic methods with molecular techniques. In the study, 436 samples were collected; venous blood was processed for the quantitative buffy coat technique followed by classical Giemsa staining of thin and thick smears and nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (nPCR) for the genus-specific region of Plasmodium targeting 18S rDNA followed by species-specific identification. Of 436 samples screened for malaria, results in PCR showed 78.7% (100/127) to be P. vivax, 4.8% (6/127) as P. falciparum and 16.5% (21/127) to be mixed infection (P. vivax + P. falciparum). The prevalence of malaria was 0.29, and there was good concordance between the methods for detecting Plasmodium (Kappa:0.77). In our investigation, nested PCR and TFM exhibited a sensitivity of 97.7% and a specificity of 100% for malaria detection compared to QBC. Clinical parameters- thrombocytopenia and anemia, were compared in this study. A positive association was observed between thrombocytopenia and malaria (p<0.05), but the association between anemia and malaria infection remains unclear. Primer cross-reactions were also observed in the primer sequence of P. ovale and P. knowlesi, but sequencing confirmed it as P. vivax and the study of phylogeny paved a new way in analyzing the relatedness of the sequences