Extended LADM country profile for property valuation in Serbia

Real property valuation in the Republic of Serbia is a procedure in which the value of real property is defined on a certain date. Many different factors directly or indirectly affect the value of real property, and for that reason, the process of estimating the value of real property is very complex. In the Republic of Serbia, the field of real property valuation is regulated by appropriate laws and bylaws. Valuation of real property in the Republic of Serbia is done by different state bodies, and it is performed for different needs. A key element for real property valuation are public registers that enable regular maintenance and updating of data, as well as links between these registers that have the necessary information for assessment. The real estate cadastre provides data on real property that is necessary to assess the value of real property, however they are not sufficient for today’s complex valuation practice. By recording information produced through valuation activities and recording market indicators, it is possible to enable further market analysis, and more reliable real property valuation. The data sources for the real property valuation model are the real estate cadastre, the real estate price register and the central register of planning documents. In addition, other data sources can be used to provide an accurate and fair assessment of real property values. Real property valuation is performed by procedures of individual and mass real property valuation. Mass real property valuation is prescribed by the law and divided into four steps of which the first one is fully finished in Serbia. Republic Geodetic Authority implemented the Real Estate Price Register for that purpose. For the purpose of taxation, the value of real property is determined by usable area of the property and the average price per square meter of the corresponding real property in the zone where the real estate is located. The average price is determined based on the prices realized during the sale of appropriate real estate by zones. Taking into account the importance of real property valuation, an existing LADM country profile for Serbia (Radulović et al., 2017) is extended to include property valuation. The developed model for real property valuation is based on the LADM Valuation Information Model proposal (Kara et al., 2021) and appropriate national laws and bylaws. This model can be used for individual but also for mass valuation which is planned but not yet finished. Since data used for valuation come from different sources (Jočković, 2021), examples of specific valuation procedures are presented. One purpose of valuation is related to taxation process for which the tax administration is responsible. For this purpose, a web service architecture and mappings of appropriate data and code lists between geodetic authority and tax administration are discussed

LADM – Experiences and Challenges in Implementation

Based on the experience in the design and implementation of cadastral information systems in Serbia, Montenegro and Republika Srpska, an entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina, this paper presents activities in the development of LADM based cadastral profiles in these countries and a region. It also demonstrates the implementation of such profiles in practice in the form of technical solution that combines together software for maintaining cadastral and legal data (both alphanumeric data about rights and spatial data on cadastral maps), office management solution and development of on-line services for the citizens, to have an insight into their rights and restrictions. There are three main subsystems of cadastral information system in these countries and the entity: 1) land register containing alphanumeric data about land, buildings, rights and parties 2) cadastre containing graphic data about land parcels and buildings 3) office management for handling requests made by citizens. Software solution includes the functionalities for maintaining cadastral data by employees in mapping agencies and office management module which connects client requests for change of data or issuing the documents, with procedures in cadastre. The purpose of electronic services is to provide access to these registers to the citizens which can be natural or legal persons. Part of that data is available to all, while more data is available to registered users which are usually legal persons involved in legal issues, such as notaries, banks, ministry of internal affairs, tax administration etc. There are three types of services that are in use: eCadastre service, Web services for information systems of cooperative organizations and geoportal services. eCadastre service provides insight into land register and office management. Users are allowed to view data about rights over their properties. They can also view requests on properties and follow the execution of their requests. Issuing of documents and making request are provided for registered users. Cadastral Web services are intended for use by the information systems of other organizations that use cadastral data, as well as for the work of the eGoverment portal through which online services to clients are executed. Geoportal is established and maintained by the mapping agencies as part of the Spatial Data Infrastructure and provides view of layers of spatial data, including parcels and buildings. Finally, we make a discussion of possible directions of further development in cadastral domain in this region, based on 3D data acquisition technologies

LADM based taxation model in Montenegro: Using BIM in taxation process

Real properties plays an integral role in the economy of every country. Considering this, property valuation and taxation processes are of great importance. Revenues from property taxes can be allocated to other areas thus improving the quality of life for all citizens. Since the valuation and taxation are related to properties themselves, the good cooperation between real estate cadastre and tax administration is necessary. Real estate cadastre submits current data on real properties and rights to them to the tax administration. These data and additional data on properties and their locations are then used to form a tax for citizens to pay. In the paper, an analysis of the legal regulations and laws, as well as the way of functioning of the current information system for the tax administration in Montenegro is performed in order to develop LADM based tax administration model. Developed model is an extension of previously developed LADM country profile for Montenegro. Based on the new model, an information system for tax administration is developed and all relevant procedures prescribed by the ‘Law on property tax’ (2019) and ‘Regulation on detailed criteria and methodology for determination of real property market values’ (2011), are implemented. The most important procedures are how to define the value of the property or how to calculate appropriate taxes. The basic criteria for determining the value of real properties are average market price per m2 of real property, purpose of the real property, size of real property, the place where the real property is located, quality of real property and other elements that may have an impact on the market value of real property. Every municipality defines the coefficients that correct the main formula for tax calculation. The new buildings have a BIM model created in a design phase which is a part of the documentation for issuing a building permit. Such BIM model can be used for at least two other purposes in addition to basic use. The first one is to serve as an input for 3D cadastre. Another reason is the use of BIM to calculate taxes. Data such as the area of the building and the quality of the building (building construction, building facade, windows, number of rooms, installations, number of bathrooms, etc.) can be directly loaded into database from the appropriate BIM model. Such solution can be resolved by expanding the regulative and the law to allow the use of this data. In the paper, the authors presented the mapping of entities from the BIM model to the appropriate code lists of the building quality and other attributes defined by the national regulation which are used to calculate tax. In this way, the tax calculation process would be accelerated and automated because the data from the project documentation would not be entered manually but would be taken over from BIM

Lessons learned from the Creation of the LADM based Country Profiles

A roadmap (consisting of six stages) to adopt the LADM in the cadastral information system has been provided in Kalantari et al (2015). Referring to this six-stage roadmap for LADM implementation, the paper focuses mainly on the stage 4 Data Organization, i.e. how different data entities are linked to each other. The LADM is regarded as a conceptual model that enforces certain relationships between the entities. On principle, there are three main ways in which the LADM based country profile can be developed: (1) to use LADM classes, attributes, code lists and relationships between classes “as is”, (2) to show an inherited structure between the LADM and the existing cadastral model, or (3) to show a mapping of elements between LADM and the existing cadastral model. The last two approaches will be probably used in countries with well-functioning cadastral information system. In this way the LADM based country profiles have also been created for Croatia (Vučić et al, 2015), Czech Republic (Janečka and Souček, 2017), Poland (Bydłosz, 2015), and Serbia (Radulović et al, 2017). Basically, the profiles for these four European countries have been proposed in academia. It means, that an initial activity for creation of the LADM based country profile didn’t come from the body or agency responsible for the cadastre (e.g. national mapping agency), but from academia. This activity could be seen as an irreplaceable role of the academia, to demonstrate the usefulness of the 3D cadastre and be a partner for government organizations. The paper explores the issues met during the preparation of the LADM based country profiles for these four countries when the “need” for LADM based country profile came from academia. The description of ways in which these issues were solved could help to those who are going to propose their new LADM based country profiles

Revising Surveying and Representation Package of LADM Profile for Serbia to Support 3D Spatial Information

LADM profile for Serbia was developed by Radulović et al. (2017) reflecting the current state of Serbian cadastral information system which is based on 2D spatial information. It also provides general discussion of the need for establishing 3D cadastre in Serbia without specific details about its possible implementations and developments. Given the increasing usage of 3D datasets acquisitions in Serbia in recent years, particularly by LiDAR technology, in this paper we revise the surveying and representation package of Serbian LADM profile in the context of 3D spatial information and the process of retrieving 3D geometries of spatial units. With the proliferation of 3D datasets special attention should be paid to spatial sources such as LiDAR (airborne and terrestrial) and UAVs for buildings and BIM/IFC for building units, while formats for representation such as CityGML, CityDB, IndoorGML, BIM/IFC, etc. should also be addressed. Similar to 2D digital cadastral map supported by sketches of indoor information, we propose 3D digital cadastral map supported by indoor information represented by 3D formats (BIM/IFC, CityGML, IndoorGML). The link will be established by the means of unique property identification number. This approach will be demonstrated on two case studies. The first case study uses the procedure to obtain 3D city database developed based on airborne LIDAR data for the city of Novi Sad. The second case study uses the procedure to obtain 3D city database developed based on UAV data and terrestrial LiDAR for the city of Novi Pazar. For both case studies, different type of manual and automatic points cloud classification and 2D and 3D vectorization was done

The Use of Augmented Reality Models in the Serbian Utility Network Cadastre

The utility network cadastre in Serbia is the main register of the utility lines and rights to them, together with the property owner’s rights. The legal aspects of the utility network cadastre in Serbia is organized the same way like in real estate cadastre. For this reason, the extended LADM utility network data model for Serbia is developed in previous work of the authors. In the era of different technologies and the possibilities of storing and displaying data in 2D and 3D, it is desirable to use their full potential. In the paper, the possibilities of using augmented reality data to get a better overview of the data on the field is analyzed. The augmented reality models have been developed to display different types of manholes, which are node points of underground utility lines. The models were developed through the FME (Feature Manipulation Engine) software package and allow the display of different shapes of manholes, the addition of different textures to the interior and exterior of the manhole, as well as arbitrary content of the manhole. Other utility objects can be presented in a similar way. Such models can be included in the unified LADM based data model for utility network cadastre in Serbia by extending the code list for spatial source type and adding necessary classes. This way developed models can not only be used in the field but in office condition too

Methodology for the development of LADM country profiles

The growing recognition and influence of the ISO 19152:2012 Land Administration Domain Model (LADM), is revealed by the multiple country profiles that have been developed based on the standard in various jurisdictions across the world. The ongoing revision of the LADM Edition I, initiates discussions related to the development of country profiles, as well as considerations regarding their maintenance. Till today, various approaches for creating LADM-based country profiles have been followed. This resulted in the creation of an interesting mosaic of country profiles’ developing methods, with parts to be exploited and an outline of the basic steps of the development provided. Based on this knowledge, the aim of this paper is to design a methodology for the development of LADM country profiles, expected to become part of future version of the ISO 19152 LADM, the Edition II. Collective experience from good practices in the development of profiles based on LADM Edition I reported in the literature have been reviewed and used as basis for a qualitative comparative analysis. For this purpose, a set of six characteristics/criteria was developed based on key publications selected through experts’ consultation. The characteristics are generic and can be applied to all the country profiles, as well as they refer to the lifecycle of the development and implementation of a country profile, taking into account legal, institutional and technical issues. Characteristics regarding the scope of country profiles are also considered. Given this context, the design of the methodology to develop LADM-based country profiles is presented, structured in three phases: scope definition, profile creation and profile testing.GIS Technologi