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Not AvailableField experiments were conducted during 2015-17 at ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Bengaluru, to standardize the partial root zone drying irrigation in papaya with 12 treatments in RBD design. The results indicated that better soil moisture in the root zone could be maintained under drip irrigation by shifting laterals on either side at fortnightly intervals as compared to fixed laterals with the same amount of water. Significantly more primary roots (16.5/plant) were observed when irrigation was scheduled on one side with single emitter meeting 60% of the evaporative demand. PRD irrigation through shifting of laterals recorded significantly higher transpiration rate especially at 50% of ER (8.05 m mol m-2 s-1) as compared to the control (3.95m mol m-2 s-1). Further, the same treatment recorded significantly lower fruit cavity index (0.26) with relatively higher fruit volume (1388 cm3). Irrigating papaya only on one side with single emitter resulted in significantly higher T.S.S (13.0%). Higher water productivity (23.7 kg/m3) could be obtained by scheduling the irrigation at 40% evaporation replenishment through shifting of laterals with saving of substantial water (1285m3/ha) resulting in higher water use efficiency (237.4 kg/ha.mm).Not Availabl

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Not AvailablePhenotyping approaches, using high throughput imaging techniques, are being adopted over the traditional methodologies which are manpower intensive, time consuming and low throughput. However, the effectiveness of high throughput plant phenotyping through imaging in plant phenomics facility essentially requires establishing relationship between plant areas quantified through imaging and the actual biomass. The present study was conducted with an aim to standardise the methodology for digital quantification of tomato biomass using plant phenomics facility. A strong linear relationship was observed between the actual tomato plant fresh mass, digital biomass and projected shoot area. The correlations between plant fresh mass, plant digital biomass and projected shoot area were highly significant at 30, 45 and 60 days after transplanting, but at 75 days no correlation was observed.Hence, the present study clearly demonstrated that the growth of tomato plants could be monitored through digital imaging using either projected shoot area or digital biomass till 60 days after transplanting across genotypes for high throughput phenotyping.ICAR-NICR

Effect of elevated CO2 on growth and yield of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) genotypes

Not AvailableThe elevated CO2 levels are known to increase crop growth. French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) being an important cool season legume vegetable, with C3 CO2 fixation mechanism, is likely to be benefitted by higher CO2 level. Hence, a study was initiated to quantify the response of two promising French bean cultivars, viz., Arka Komal and Arka Anoop to elevated CO2 concentrations of 550 ppm as compared to ambient levels of 380 ppm in open top chambers (OTCs). Significantly higher leaf area, root dry weight and total dry matter accumulation was recorded at 550 ppm elevated CO2 which was translated into significant increase in number of flowers and subsequently pod yield in cv. Arka Anoop compared to Arka Komal.IIH

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Not AvailableUrban air pollutants like particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone etc. can harm the plants but severely effects the human health. It can absorb through stomata and affects adversely its biochemical constituents and physiological process. The variation in biochemical parameters in the leaves can be used as indicators of air pollution for early diagnosis of stress or as a marker for physiological damage prior to the onset of visible injury symptoms. Tree species resistivity and susceptibility level to air pollution within avenues of Bangalore has been evaluated on the basis of Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) value. Four parameters namely Leaf extract pH, Total Chlorophyll Content (TCh), Relative Water Content (RWC) of Leaf and Ascorbic Acid content were determined and APTI was computed. The tree species with higher APTI values like Samanea saman, Bougainvillea glabra, Tabubea argentia, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Bauhinia acuminata and Polyalthia longifolia were tolerant to air pollutants and can be used as effective indicators and pollution scavengers. The tree species having higher APTI value can be given priority for plantation program in newly urbanized areas and avenues of Bengaluru; effect of air pollution on stress and make the environment clean for healthy life.Indian Institute of Horticultural Researc

Partial root zone drying irrigation in papaya (Carica papaya L.) for enhanced water use efficiency under limited water situations

Not AvailableField experiments were conducted during 2015-17 at ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Bengaluru, to standardize the partial root zone drying irrigation in papaya with 12 treatments in RBD design. The results indicated that better soil moisture in the root zone could be maintained under drip irrigation by shifting laterals on either side at fortnightly intervals as compared to fixed laterals with thesame amount of water. Significantly more primary roots (16.5/plant) were observed when irrigation was scheduled on one side with single emitter meeting 60% of the evaporative demand. PRD irrigation through shifting of laterals recorded significantly higher transpiration rate especially at 50% of ER (8.05 m mol m-2 s-1) as compared to the control (3.95m mol m-2 s-1). Further, the same treatment recorded significantly lower fruit cavity index (0.26) with relatively higher fruit volume (1388 cm3 ). Irrigating papaya only on one side with single emitter resulted in significantly higher T.S.S (13.0%). Higher water productivity (23.7 kg/m3 ) could be obtained by scheduling the irrigation at 40% evaporation replenishment through shifting of laterals with saving of substantial water (1285m3 /ha) resulting in higher water use efficiency (237.4 kg/ha.mm).Not Availabl

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Not AvailableField experiments were conducted to standardize in situ soil and moisture conservation measures in rainfed guava production. Mulching with polythene enhanced soil moisture (upto 111%) and the impact was much visible for longer periods (160 days) after cessation of rainfall. Further, higher soil organic carbon built up (from 0.68 to 0.92 % O.C. over a period of three years) was observed with polythene mulching. It was also reflected in the nitrogen content of the soil which increased from 109.4 to 354.8 kg/ha during three years period. Polythene mulching with raised soil around the root zone showed 39.8 % higher fruit yield in guava over control on three years pooled mean basis. The treatment recorded 12.30 t/ha at sixth year of guava planting. Mulching with polythene although recorded slightly lower gross returns (Rs.6,19,870/ha), recorded higher benefit cost ratio (1:5.25) and was followed by mulching with enriched coir pith (1: 4.83).Indian Institute of Horticultural Researc

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Not AvailableFrench bean, being a cool season legume crop, with a requirement of 17-28°C optimum temperature requirement, is grown mainly during Kharif and Rabi seasons. But its cultivations is severely constrained during summer months due to prevailing high temperatures. Further, under climate change conditions high temperature episodes are likely increase and considerably affect pod yield. The identification of suitable cultivars is a prerequisite for adaptation to high temperature situations.Thus, the temperature induction response (TIR) technique, which involves exposure ofseedlings to sub lethal temperatures to induce inherent cellular tolerance and consequent exposure to challenging temperatureswas standardized and employed for screening French bean genotypes for high temperature stress tolerance. Two day old French bean seedlingswere subjected to various challenging temperatures from 43 to 50°C for 3 hoursand were allowed to recover at room temperature for 72 hours. Based on the least survival (11%) and highest growth reduction (92%) during recovery, 45°C for 3hours was identified as challenging temperature. Consequently the induction temperature was identified by subjecting French bean seedlings to different induction temperature regimes. The gradual induction temperature from 30 to 40°C for 3 hours at which 60% of the seedlings survival was observed during recovery was identified as the optimum induction temperature. Subsequently, ten French bean genotype were screened by subjecting them to the standardized induction temperature of 30-40°C for 3 hours followed by challenging temperature of 45°C for 3 hours. The genotypes showed differences in percent seedling growth reduction during recovery period over control. The genotypes, (IC-525224 x IC-525239) IPS-1, (IC-525224 x IC-525239) 1-12and Arka Anoop, with 60%, 65.27 %, 66.30% reduction in seedling growth showed tolerance to high temperature stress. In this study we standardized the TIR technique as a screening method to evaluate and identify temperature tolerant French bean genotypesIndian Institute of Horticultural Researc

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Not AvailableA field trial conducted from 2011 to 2015 to study the growth, physiology, fruit yield and quality of fig (Ficus carica L.) cultivars Deanna and Poona under tree densities of 1000, 800, 666, 571 and 500 plants per hectare indicated that high density planting with 1000 or 800 plants per hectare was superior to other planting densities for maintaining tree vigour and fruit yield under continuous cropping during the initial orchard years. With decrease in tree densities, growth characters like tree height, shoot length, canopy spread, leaf number and trunk circumference declined gradually which was more pronounced under 500 plants per hectare. The gas exchange parameters (photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration) also declined with tree densities. The per cent PAR interception by the canopy that ranged from 79.37 to 86.63% did not differ significantly among the treatments. There was no difference in fruit quality attributes like TSS and acidity among the trees grown at the different planting densities. High density planting of fig varieties Poona and Deanna at 1000 plants per hectare with initial training of trees to open centre frame work and annual pruning of previous season’s shoots to the basal six nodes during September is found promising for considerable enhancement in fruit productivity during the initial six orchard years by 2.5 and 2.0 times respectively under the mild tropical, semi-arid conditions.ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research and Project Coordinator (Arid Zone Fruits

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Not AvailableVariation in leaf morphology and physiological characteristics was studied in six genotypes of Annona, namely A. atemoya, A. cherimola, A. glabra, A. muricata, A. reticulata, and A. squamosa (‘Balanagar’). The genotypes differed significantly in their leaf morphology and gas exchange: specific leaf weight was maximum in A. muricata and A. reticulata; leaf area, in A. cherimola; and net photosynthesis, in A. squamosa. Water use efficiency, relative water content, epicuticular wax content, and stomatal density on abaxial and adaxial surfaces of leaves were maximum in A. glabra (although the density was equally high in A. squamosa) whereas chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll content were maximum in A. squamosa. These differences may prove relevant in selecting Annona genotypes for adaptation to different agro-climatic regions.Indian Institute of Horticultural Researc

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Not AvailableThe present study was undertaken to evaluate the response of six contrasting tomato genotypes to high temperature stress. Tomato genotypes were grown under polytunnel to expose them to high temperature (40 ± 2°C) for ten days after flower initiation. Physiological parameters viz., relative water content (RWC), epicuticular wax content, membrane stability index, lipid peroxidation (MDA content) and specific leaf area were recorded in the leaf samples collected second, fifth and ninth day after imposition of high temperature treatment. Membrane stability index decreased significantly in IIHR-2914, IIHR-2627 and Arka Abha genotypes upon temperature stress as compared to other genotypes. Although, there was no significant difference in RWC during early stages of stress, it was significantly higher in IIHR-2841, IIHR-2202 and IIHR-2745 genotypes at ninth day. Epicuticular wax content increased significantly in genotypes IIHR-2202 and IIHR-2841 compared to other genotypes; whereas, lipid peroxidation increased significantly in genotypes Arka Abha and IIHR-2627. Based on these results, genotypes viz., IIHR-2841 and IIHR-2202 were found to be temperature tolerant, while Arka Abha and IIHR-2914 were comparatively sensitive. The genotypes identified as tolerant to high temperature can act as a potential genetic material for future breeding programs to develop high yielding temperature tolerant varieties.Not Availabl