12,953 research outputs found
On the Consistency of Orbifolds
Modular invariance is a necessary condition for the consistency of any closed
string theory. In particular, it imposes stringent constraints on the spectrum
of orbifold theories, and in principle determines their spectrum uniquely up to
discrete torsion classes. In practice, however, there are often ambiguities in
the construction of orbifolds that are a consequence of the fact that the
action of the orbifold elements on degenerate ground states is not unambiguous.
We explain that there exists an additional consistency condition, related to
the spectrum of D-branes in the theory, which eliminates these ambiguities. For
supersymmetric orbifolds this condition turns out to be equivalent to the
condition that supersymmetry is unbroken in the twisted sectors, but for
non-supersymmetric orbifolds it appears to be a genuinely new consistency
condition.Comment: 10 pages, LaTex. The sign ambiguities in the GSO-projection are
clarified in the abstract and the introduction, and revised in sections 3 and
4. In particular we clarify that modular invariance fixes all the ambiguities
in principle, but in practice this is hard to do. The final conclusion
regarding the spectrum of the non-supersymmetric orbifold remains unchange
Stable non-BPS D-particles
It is shown that the orbifold of type IIB string theory by (-1)^{F_L} I_4
admits a stable non-BPS Dirichlet particle that is stuck on the orbifold fixed
plane. It is charged under the SO(2) gauge group coming from the twisted
sector, and transforms as a long multiplet of the D=6 supersymmetry algebra.
This suggests that it is the strong coupling dual of the perturbative stable
non-BPS state that appears in the orientifold of type IIB by \Omega I_4.Comment: 10 pages, LaTe
Dualities of Type 0 Strings
It is conjectured that the two closed bosonic string theories, Type 0A and
Type 0B, correspond to certain supersymmetry breaking orbifold
compactifications of M-theory. Various implications of this conjecture are
discussed, in particular the behaviour of the tachyon at strong coupling and
the existence of non-perturbative fermionic states in Type 0A. The latter are
shown to correspond to bound states of Type 0A D-particles, thus providing
further evidence for the conjecture. We also give a comprehensive description
of the various Type 0 closed and open string theories.Comment: 23 pages LaTex, 1 figure. Error corrected in table 1. Version to
appear in JHE
Non-BPS States in Heterotic - Type IIA Duality
The relation between some perturbative non-BPS states of the heterotic theory
on T^4 and non-perturbative non-BPS states of the orbifold limit of type IIA on
K3 is exhibited. The relevant states include a non-BPS D-string, and a non-BPS
bound state of BPS D-particles (`D-molecule'). The domains of stability of
these states in the two theories are determined and compared.Comment: 17 pages LaTex, 1 figure; Minor correction in subsection 4.
Effect of 2-Substitution on the Rearrangement of 1-Cyclopropylvinyl Cations
2-Substitution in 1-cyclopropylvinyl cations
produces a steric effect on cation generation and solvent
trapping, but an electronic charge-stabilizing effect
on cyclopropyl-to-cyclobutyl rearrangement
3-Oxabicyclo[3,2,0]hepta-1,4-diene
3-Oxabicyclo[3,2,0]hepta-1,4-diene (3) has been synthesized by partial hydrogenation of 3-oxabicyclo-[3,2,0]hepta-1,4,6-triene (2)
Generalized Paraxial Ray Trace Procedure Derived from Geodesic Deviation
Paraxial ray tracing procedures have become widely accepted techniques for
acoustic models in seismology and underwater acoustics. To date a generic form
of these procedures including fluid motion and time dependence has not appeared
in the literature. A detailed investigation of the characteristic curves of the
equations of hydrodynamics allows for an immediate generalization of the
procedure to be extracted from the equation form geodesic deviation. The
general paraxial ray trace equations serve as an ideal supplement to ordinary
ray tracing in predicting the deformation of acoustic beams in random
environments. The general procedure is derived in terms of affine
parameterization and in a coordinate time parameterization ideal for
application to physical acoustic ray propagation. The formalism is applied to
layered media, where the deviation equation reduces to a second order
differential equation for a single field with a general solution in terms of a
depth integral along the ray path. Some features are illustrated through
special cases which lead to exact solutions in terms of either ordinary or
special functions.Comment: Original; 40 pages (double spaced), 1 figure Replaced version; 36
pages single spaced, 7 figures. Expanded content; Complete derivation of the
equations from the equations of hydrodynamics, introduction of an auxiliary
basis for three dimensional wave-front modeling. Typos in text and equations
correcte
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