The Impact of Collegiate Soccer Training on Gastrocnemius Activation

This study examined the impact of a collegiate soccer practice on freshman female’s gastrocnemius activation while performing a power jump, as measured by surface EMG. The muscles analyzed included the right and left medial and lateral gastrocnemius’. The null hypothesis stated that no significant difference in gastrocnemius activation will exist during post-practice compared to pre-practice testing. Subjects included six, freshman, female collegiate soccer players. Using a Delsys Trigno® Wireless sEMG system, electrodes were placed on the bellies of the gastrocnemius muscles. Participants completed three countermovement box jumps, with a 20-second rest between trials. Muscle signals were processed and sent to EMGworks® Analysis Software for assessment. The root mean square (RMS) of each MVIC was calculated and the greatest MVIC across all three scores was used for normalization. The box jumps were normalized to the greatest MVIC across all three jumps for each muscle analyzed and the maximum amplitude from each jump was expressed as a percentage of the MVIC. The means of the scores for each muscle were used to run a paired two samples mean t-test. The t-test indicated no significant differences in muscle activity from pre to post-practice box-jumps. Therefore, the null hypothesis was accepted. A recommendation for this study would be to assess the difficulty of the 90-minute practice as well as possibly assess different muscles for comparison

Constitutional Equity and the Innovative Tradition

It is argued that the court\u27s status as a general equity court with constitutionally vested jurisdiction has benefitted the legal system. The Delaware court of chancery is an example of an equity court that resolves complex disputes expeditiously and lets the litigants move on