Immigració estrangera a Catalunya des d'una perspectiva local: Reus, segles XVI-XX

Anàlisi de la presència d'estrangers europeus a la ciutat de Reus, centre econòmic del sud de Catalunya i proper a la costa del Mediterrani, a través de llibres parroquials i padrons municipals. En el segle XVI destaca l'allau d'occitans (França) i en el segle XVIII la diversitat és més gran a causa de l'increment dels intercanvis comercials amb el nord d'Europa (venda d'aiguardent i fruita seca i compra de pesca salada i fusta per a bótes). Altres moments d'elevada mobilitat són les diferents guerres, en especial les internacionals.Analysis of the presence of European foreigners in the city of Reus (economic center of the south of Catalonia near to the Mediterranean coast) through parish books and municipal censuses. It is remarkable the avalanche of Occitan people (from France) during the 16th century. During the 18th century there is more variety, because of the increase in the commercial exchanges with the north of Europe (liquor and dried fruit sales, and purchases of salty fish and wood to make barrels). Other periods with high mobility are the different wars, specially the international ones

Confinement and Quantization Effects in Mesoscopic Superconducting Structures

We have studied quantization and confinement effects in nanostructured superconductors. Three different types of nanostructured samples were investigated: individual structures (line, loop, dot), 1-dimensional (1D) clusters of loops and 2D clusters of antidots, and finally large lattices of antidots. Hereby, a crossover from individual elementary "plaquettes", via clusters, to huge arrays of these elements, is realized. The main idea of our study was to vary the boundary conditions for confinement of the superconducting condensate by taking samples of different topology and, through that, modifying the lowest Landau level E_LLL(H). Since the critical temperature versus applied magnetic field T_c(H) is, in fact, E_LLL(H) measured in temperature units, it is varied as well when the sample topology is changed through nanostructuring. We demonstrate that in all studied nanostructured superconductors the shape of the T_c(H) phase boundary is determined by the confinement topology in a unique way.Comment: 28 pages, 19 EPS figures, uses LaTeX's aipproc.sty, contribution to Euroschool on "Superconductivity in Networks and Mesoscopic Systems", held in Siena, Italy (8-20 september 1997