Effet des probiotiques sur l'induction et le maintien de la tolérance orale à la [bêta]-lactoglobuline chez la souris et étude de leurs mécanismes d'action

L’induction de la tolérance orale est une des stratégies intéressantes pour prévenir les allergies alimentaires chez les enfants classés à risque. D’autre part, la composition de la microflore intestinale des enfants est un facteur important pour le développement de la tolérance. L’effet des bactéries probiotiques sur la tolérance orale a été très peu étudié et leurs mécanismes d’action sont mal documentés. Nous avons comparé l’effet de trois souches probiotiques sur l’induction et le maintien de la tolérance orale à la β-lactoglobuline chez la souris. Il a été observé que l’effet des probiotiques dépend de la souche utilisée et que la tolérance orale est bien induite et maintenue, aux niveaux humoral et cellulaire, en présence de Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461. Les mécanismes d’action des probiotiques semblent être reliés à leur activité métabolique puisque des peptides issus de la β-lactoglobuline bovine, et libérés par L. paracasei ou Bifidobacterium lactis NCC362, modulent la réponse immune. Par contre, la stimulation de la voie de la cyclooxygénase-2 par les probiotiques n’a pas été observée, alors que l’implication de cette enzyme dans les mécanismes de la tolérance orale a clairement été démontrée.Inducing oral tolerance to commonly allergenic food proteins is seen as a promising means to prevent food allergy in newborn population diagnosed as at risk of allergy. The intestinal microbiota has been shown to play a key role in oral tolerance development. Recently, a great interest has been focused on probiotic bacteria for their purported beneficial effects on human health but their effects on oral tolerance induction have been poorly investigated. The effect of three probiotic strains (Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461, Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC533 and Bifidobacterium lactis NCC362) has been investigated and oral tolerance to bovine β-lactoglobulin (BLG) has been better induced and maintained in mice mono-colonized with L. paracasei. B. lactis and L. paracasei might induce oral tolerance through the hydrolysis of BLG and releasing of peptides with modified immunological properties. L. paracasei enzymes mainly hydrolyze acidic BLG-derived peptides and release smaller ones, which suppress splenocyte proliferation, down-regulate IFN-γ and IL-4 production and up-regulate IL-10 secretion. In contrast, hydrolysis of acidic BLG-derived peptides by B. lactis enzymes releases peptides, which stimulate splenocyte proliferation, IFN-γ and IL-10 production and down-regulate IL-4. Moreover, the residual allergenicity of released peptides is significantly reduced after B. lactis hydrolysis. These results suggest that L. paracasei and B. lactis might promote oral tolerance by activating different cellular mechanisms: L. paracasei stimulating the active suppression pathway, whereas B. lactis stimulating T helper type 1 lymphocytes downregulating T helper type 2 lymphocytes, implicated in allergy. On the other side, neither L. paracasei nor B. lactis was shown to stimulate the cyclooxygenase-2 pathway while its implication in oral tolerance induction has been clearly demonstrated

Stimulation of Interleukin-10 Production by Acidic β-Lactoglobulin-Derived Peptides Hydrolyzed with Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461 Peptidases

We have previously demonstrated that Lactobacillus paracasei NCC2461 may help to prevent cow's milk allergy in mice by inducing oral tolerance to β-lactoglobulin (BLG). To investigate the mechanisms involved in this beneficial effect, we examined the possibility that L. paracasei induces tolerance by hydrolyzing BLG-derived peptides and liberating peptides that stimulate interleukin-10 (IL-10) production. L. paracasei peptidases have been shown to hydrolyze tryptic-chymotryptic peptides from BLG, releasing numerous small peptides with immunomodulating properties. We have now shown that acidic tryptic-chymotryptic peptides stimulate splenocyte proliferation and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production in vitro. Hydrolysis of these peptides with L. paracasei peptidases repressed the lymphocyte stimulation, up-regulated IL-10 production, and down-regulated IFN-γ and IL-4 secretion. L. paracasei NCC2461 may therefore induce oral tolerance to BLG in vivo by degrading acidic peptides and releasing immunomodulatory peptides stimulating regulatory T cells, which function as major immunosuppressive agents by secreting IL-10

Lactococcus lactis NCC 2287 Alleviates Food Allergic Manifestations in Sensitized Mice by Reducing IL-13 Expression Specifically in the Ileum

Objective. Utilizing a food allergy murine model, we have investigated the intrinsic antiallergic potential of the Lactococcus lactis NCC 2287 strain. Methods. BALB/c mice were sensitized at weekly intervals with ovalbumin (OVA) plus cholera toxin (CT) by the oral route for 7 weeks. In this model, an oral challenge with a high dose of OVA at the end of the sensitization period leads to clinical symptoms. Lactococcus lactis NCC 2287 was given to mice via the drinking water during sensitization (prevention phase) or after sensitization (management phase). Results. Lactococcus lactis NCC 2287 administration to sensitized mice strikingly reduced allergic manifestations in the management phase upon challenge, when compared to control mice. No preventive effect was observed with the strain. Lactococcus lactis NCC 2287 significantly decreased relative expression levels of the Th-2 cytokine, IL-13, and associated chemokines CCL11 (eotaxin-1) and CCL17 (TARC) in the ileum. No effect was observed in the jejunum. Conclusion/Significance. These results taken together designate Lactococcus lactis NCC 2287 as a candidate probiotic strain appropriate in the management of allergic symptoms