NMR diffusion spectroscopy for the characterization of multicomponent hydrogen-bonded assemblies in solution

NMR diffusion measurements on 10 different multicomponent hydrogen-bonded assemblies, viz. the three single rosettes SR1–SR3 ( 13· 2a3, 13· 2b3, 13· 2c3) the double rosettes DR1–DR5 ( 3a3· 2a6, 3b3· 2b6, 3c3· 2a6, 3d3· 2a6, 3e3· 2a6), and DR6 ( 4a3· 16), and the tetrarosette TR ( 53· 2a12) are described. Some of the above rosettes have been previously identified as well-defined assemblies (viz. SR1, DR1–DR3, and TR) using established characterization techniques (1H NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and MALDI-TOF MS after Ag+-labeling). The diffusion coefficients of these assemblies were studied and used as a reference for the identification of three new assemblies ( DR4–DR6), the characterization of which could not be established unequivocally using other characterization tools. A good correlation was found between the experimental and calculated diffusion coefficients when DR1 was used as a reference. A relatively good correlation was obtained between the effective hydrolytic radii calculated from the diffusion data and those extracted from gas phase-minimized structures with SR1 and DR2 being exceptions. The diffusion measurements show that assembly DR4 is a thermodynamically stable species, while assemblies DR5 and DR6 are less stable and only present to a minor extent. \u

Potential global fire monitoring from EOS-MODIS

The National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) plans to launch the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the polarorbiting Earth Observation System (EOS) providing morning and evening global observations in 1999 and afternoon and night observations in 2000. These four MODIS daily fire observations will advance global fire monitoring with special 1 km resolution fire channels at 4 and 11 ìm, with high saturation of about 450 and 400 K, respectively. MODIS data will also be used to monitor burn scars, vegetation type and condition, smoke aerosols, water vapor, and clouds for overall monitoring of the fire process and its effects on ecosystems, the atmosphere, and the climate. The MODIS fire science team is preparing algorithms that use the thermal signature to separate the fire signal from the background signal. A database of active fire products will be generated and archived at a 1 km resolution and summarized on a grid of 10 km and 0.5°, daily, 8 days, and monthly. It includes the fire occurrence and location, the rate of emission of thermal energy from the fire, and a rough estimate of the smoldering/flaming ratio. This information will be used in monitoring the spatial and temporal distribution of fires in different ecosystems, detecting changes in fire distribution and identifying new fire frontiers, wildfires, and changes in the frequency of the fires or their relative strength. We plan to combine the MODIS fire measurements with a detailed diurnal cycle of the fires from geostationary satellites. Sensitivity studies and analyses of aircraft and satellite data from the Yellowstone wildfire of 1988 and prescribed fires in the Smoke, Clouds, and Radiation (SCAR) aircraft field experiments are used to evaluate and validate the fire algorithms and to establish the relationship between the fire thermal properties, the rate of biomass consumption, and the emissions of aerosol and trace gases from fires. © 1998 American Geophysical Union.Pages: 32215-3233