First Report of Turtles from the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan

Five turtle species, Cuora amboinensis, C. mouhotii, Cyclemys gemeli, Melanochelys tricarinata, and Indotestudo elongata, are reported for the first time from the Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan. The record of C. mouhotii represents a significant range extension to the west; that of C. amboinensis represents a range extension across a political border from the same landscape in adjacent Northeast India; and those of C. gemeli, M. tricarinata, and I. elongata fill geographic gaps in their known distributions. An analysis of distributions of other turtle species in adjacent eastern Nepal and Northeast India suggests that additional country records of turtles may be found in Bhutan, especially in the southern lowlands of the country

Stable Cretaceous sex chromosomes enable molecular sexing in softshell turtles (Testudines: Trionychidae)

Turtles demonstrate variability in sex determination ranging from environmental sex determination (ESD) to highly differentiated sex chromosomes. However, the evolutionary dynamics of sex determining systems in this group is not well known. Differentiated ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes were identified in two species of the softshell turtles (Trionychidae) from the subfamily Trionychinae and Z-specific genes were identified in a single species. We tested Z-specificity of a subset of these genes by quantitative PCR comparing copy gene numbers in male and female genomes in 10 species covering the phylogenetic diversity of trionychids. We demonstrated that differentiated ZZ/ZW sex chromosomes are conserved across the whole family and that they were already present in the common ancestor of the extant trionychids. As the sister lineage, Carettochelys insculpta, possess ESD, we can date the origin of the sex chromosomes in trionychids between 200 Mya (split of Trionychidae and Carettochelyidae) and 120 Mya (basal splitting of the recent trionychids). The results support the evolutionary stability of differentiated sex chromosomes in some lineages of ectothermic vertebrates. Moreover, our approach determining sex-linkage of protein coding genes can be used as a reliable technique of molecular sexing across trionychids useful for effective breeding strategy in conservation projects of endangered species