Regional reserve pooling arrangements

Recently, several emerging market countries in East Asia and Latin America have initiated intra-regional reserve pooling mechanisms. This is puzzling from a traditional risk-diversification perspective, because country-level shocks are more correlated within rather than across regions. This paper provides a novel rationale for intra-regional pooling: if non-contingent reserve assets can be used to support production during a crisis, then a country's reserve accumulation decision affects not only its own production and consumption, but also its trading partners. If consumption through terms of trade effects. These terms of trade adjustments can be fully internalized only by a reserve pool among trading partners. If trade linkages are stronger within rather than across regions, then intra-regional reserve pooling may dominate inter-regional pooling, even if shocks are more correlated within regions.

Understanding the degeneracies in NOν\nuA data

The combined analysis of $\nu_\mu$ disappearance and $\nu_e$ appearance data of NO$\nu$A experiment leads to three nearly degenerate solutions. This degeneracy can be understood in terms of deviations in $\nu_e$ appearance signal, caused by unknown effects, with respect to the signal expected for a reference set of oscillations parameters. We define the reference set to be vacuum oscillations in the limit of maximal $\theta_{23}$ and no CP-violation. We then calculate the deviations induced in the $\nu_e$ appearance signal event rate by three unknown effects: (a) matter effects, due to normal or inverted hierarchy (b) octant effects, due to $\theta_{23}$ being in higher or lower octant and (c) CP-violation, whether $\delta_{CP} \sim - \pi/2$ or $\delta_{CP} \sim \pi/2$. We find that the deviation caused by each of these effects is the same for NO$\nu$A. The observed number of $\nu_e$ events in NO$\nu$A is equivalent to the increase caused by one of the effects. Therefore, the observed number of $\nu_e$ appearance events of NO$\nu$A is the net result of the increase caused by two of the unknown effects and the decrease caused by the third. Thus we get the three degenerate solutions. We also find that further data by NO$\nu$A can not distinguish between these degenerate solutions but addition of one year of neutrino run of DUNE can make a distinction between all three solutions. The distinction between the two NH solutions and the IH solution becomes possible because of the larger matter effect in DUNE. The distinction between the two NH solutions with different octants is a result of the synergy between the anti-neutrino data of NO$\nu$A and the neutrino data of DUNE.Comment: Published version v2; with minor changes to v

Tensions between the appearance data of T2K and NOvA

The long baseline neutrino experiments, T2K and NOvA, have taken significant amount of data in each of the four channels: (a) $\nu_\mu$ disappearance, (b) $\bar\nu_\mu$ disappearance (c) $\nu_e$ appearance and (d) $\bar\nu_e$ appearance. There is a mild tension between the disappearance and the appearance data sets of T2K. A more serious tension exists between the $\nu_e$ appearance data of T2K and the $\nu_e / \bar\nu_e$ appearance data of NOvA. This tension is significant enough that T2K rules out the best-fit point of NOvA at $95\%$ confidence level whereas NOvA rules out T2K best-fit point at $90\%$ confidence level. We explain the reason why these tensions arise. We also do a combined fit of T2K and NOvA data and comment on the results of this fit.Comment: matches the published versio

Successful outcome of pregnancy in bicornuate uterus: a case report

Bicornuate uterus is a major cause of spontaneous abortion. The recurrent pregnancy loss has been reported to the range of 15% to 27%. There is different type of congenital uterine abnormalities like Bicornuate uterus, septate uterus, arcuate uterus, unicornuate uterus, didelphys uterus. It is important to consider this diagnosis in recurrent miscarriages, malpresentation, intra uterine growth restrictionand preterm deliveries. This report is about self at the age of 25-year-old pregnancy with a history of missed abortion. I was not diagnosing with a bicornuate uterus in my first pregnancy. However, I was diagnosed with a bicornuate uterus based on transvaginal ultrasound and hysterosalpingogram. A successful caesarean section was donein the 38th week of gestation. According to the results, successful outcome could be achieved with bicornuate uterus. The outcome of bicornuate uterus was successful

The maximum extent of the filaments and sheets in the cosmic web: an analysis of the SDSS DR17

Filaments and sheets are striking visual patterns in cosmic web. The maximum extent of these large-scale structures are difficult to determine due to their structural variety and complexity. We construct a volume-limited sample of galaxies in a cubic region from the SDSS, divide it into smaller subcubes and shuffle them around. We quantify the average filamentarity and planarity in the three-dimensional galaxy distribution as a function of the density threshold and compare them with those from the shuffled realizations of the original data. The analysis is repeated for different shuffling lengths by varying the size of the subcubes. The average filamentarity and planarity in the shuffled data show a significant reduction when the shuffling scales are smaller than the maximum size of the genuine filaments and sheets. We observe a statistically significant reduction in these statistical measures even at a shuffling scale of $\sim 130 \,$Mpc, indicating that the filaments and sheets in three dimensions can extend up to this length scale. They may extend to somewhat larger length scales that are missed by our analysis due to the limited size of the SDSS data cube. We expect to determine these length scales by applying this method to deeper and larger surveys in future.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, Accepted for publication in MNRA

Sugar Mill Effluent Induced Histological Changes in Heart of Channa Punctatus

Sugar mill effluents are not so toxic like pesticides, but they contain many organic and inorganic reactive compounds which can affect the life of the organisms. These reactive compounds accumulate and retard physiological activities in human beings also. Histological biomarkers can be indicators of the effects on organisms of various anthropogenic pollutants on organisms and are a reflection of the overall health of the entire population of that ecosystem. The alterations in cells and tissues of fish are recurrently used biomarkers in many studies as such changes occur in all the invertebrates and vertebrates inhabiting aquatic basins. Histological biomarkers embody tissue lesions arising as a result of previous or current exposure of the organism to one or more toxins. In other words, it can be stated that these compounds act as a slow poison. Keeping these points in view, the effect of sugar mill effluent is observed on histology of heart of freshwater fish Channa punctatus

Models of maternity care: a continuity of midwifery care

Pregnancy and birth are significant life events for women and their families and midwife supports a woman throughout pregnancy, birth and the postnatal period. So, the demand for services that are family friendly, women focused, safe and accessible is increasing. Evidence has shown that midwifery care is associated with lower cost, higher satisfaction rates among women, and less intervention. Because pregnancy and childbirth involve every part of feelings, physical and practical needs, hopes, religious and spiritual beliefs can all affect pregnancy and birth. So, model of maternity care addresses all these aspects to help give birth safely, naturally and confidently. The aim of this review is how midwives working in different model care constructed their midwifery role in order to maintain a positive work-life balance. Evidence from high income countries found such models to be a cost-efficient way to improve health outcomes, reducing medical interventions and increasing satisfaction with care

Technical analysis of content placement algorithms for content delivery network in cloud

Content placement algorithm is an integral part of the cloud-based content de-livery network. They are responsible for selecting a precise content to be re-posited over the surrogate servers distributed over a geographical region. Although various works are being already carried out in this sector, there are loopholes connected to most of the work, which doesn't have much disclosure. It is already known that quality of service, quality of experience, and the cost is always an essential objective targeting to be improved in existing work. Still, there are various other aspects and underlying reasons which are equally important from the design aspect. Therefore, this paper contributes towards reviewing the existing approaches of content placement algorithm over cloud-based content delivery network targeting to explore open-end re-search issues

Effect of back massage on relieving pain during labour: a systemic review

Managing labour pain is a challenging concern for nurses who involved in care of mothers during labour and child birth. Massage is a primordial method that has been generally employed during labour, however, relatively little study has been assumed examining the effects of massage on women during labour. The study insistent pain allied with labour may negatively impact mother further transforming to foetus, frequently varying the childbirth course. The techniques of health care humanisation mention that women in labour should have the chance to relieve their pain with pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. The systemic review examines literature on effectiveness of back massage to relieve labour pain from 2013 to 2019. The electronic database reviewed for the systemic review included PubMed, Medline, nursing health journal, Google scholar etc by including relevant key words. Ten studies were included in the systemic review. The available literature on non-pharmacological method provides evidence as a back massage is effective to reduce labour pain. The aim of the present review is to examine the effect of back massage as a method to relieve labour pain and give comfort to mother. The experience of labour pain is different in women and it is affected by several psychological and physiological factors and its intensity may vary significantly. During labour majority of women need pain relief. Strategies of pain management include pharmacological and non-pharmacological intervention. Evidence suggests that non pharmacological methods are helpful to reduce labour pain. We identified 10 reviews out of 110 for inclusion within this review. All studies on back massages show that it is effective to relieve pain during labour