Utjecaj metabolizma stanične stijenke na dozrijevanje plodova voća Ziziphus mauritiana

Two ber varieties differing in their shelf lives (Umran, 8 to 9 and Illaichi, 4 to 5 days) were analyzed for cell wall components, cell wall degrading enzymes and their isoenzyme profile at immature green, mature green, turning colour, ripe and overripe stages of ripening. Cellulose and pectin contents decreased during ripening in both varieties. This decrease was accompanied by a corresponding increase in pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase and cellulase. The increase in the activity of pectin methylesterase was about 20- and 10-fold, that of polygalacturonase about 8.4- and 5.7-fold, and of cellulase 5.5- and 4.4-fold in Umran and Illaichi, respectively. The basal level of activities of all these enzymes was higher at all the stages of ripening in Illaichi variety, having short shelf life, as compared to Umran, with long shelf life. This was further confirmed by the intensity of isoenzyme bands of these enzymes. The isoenzyme profile also revealed that two isoenzymes of each, pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase, and one of cellulase could be considered as isoenzymes responsible for the softening of cell wall during ripening and could be potential targets for manipulation to delay softening during ripening.U radu su ispitane dvije sorte voća Ziziphus mauritiana koje se razlikuju prema roku trajanja, i to sorta Umran (roka trajanja od 8 do 9 dana) i sorta Illaichi (roka trajanja od 4 do 5 dana). Analizirani su sastojci stanične stijenke, enzimi koji ju razgrađuju te njihovi izoenzimi u nezrelim zelenim, dozrelim zelenim plodovima i onima koji su promijenili boju, te u zrelim i prezrelim plodovima. Udjel se celuloze i pektina smanjivao tijekom dozrijevanja u obje sorte, što je uzrokovalo povećanje udjela pektin metilesteraze (u sorti Umran 20 puta, a u sorti Illaichi 10 puta), poligalakturonaze (8,4 i 5,7 puta) i celulaze (5,5 i 4,4 puta). U svim su fazama dozrijevanja voća osnovne aktivnosti tih enzima bile izraženije u sorti Illaichi, što potvrđuje i intenzitet njihovih izoenzimskih vrpci. Iz izoenzimskog je profila pektin metilesteraze, poligalakturonaze i celulaze vidljivo da ti enzimi razgrađuju staničnu stijenku tijekom dozrijevanja plodova, te da se njihovom inaktivacijom taj proces može usporiti

Oksidacijski stres i antioksidacijski sustav u plodovima voća Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. tijekom sazrijevanja

The present investigations were undertaken to ascertain the extent of lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress and antioxidative system during ripening of two varieties of ber fruits (Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.) differing in their shelf lives, viz. Umran (8–9 days) and Kaithali (4–5 days). Based on visual observations, fruits were categorized as immature green (IG), mature green (MG), turning colour (TC), ripe (R) and overripe (OR). Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) value and H2O2 content increased significantly during ripening in both varieties, obtaining 3-, 3- and 2.5-fold increase in Umran and 4-, 3.5- and 3-fold increase in Kaithali, respectively. Kaithali being short-lived variety, exhibited higher values of these parameters at almost all the stages of fruit ripening. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) increased during initial stages but thereafter decreased, whereas that of peroxidase (POX) decreased continuously during ripening. On the other hand, catalase (CAT) activity increased continuously as ripening progressed. In general, antioxidative enzymes exhibited comparatively higher activity in Umran. Total ascorbic acid content increased from IG to TC stage, while total glutathione increased up to MG stage and thereafter decreased in both varieties. Kaithali had higher content of ascorbate than Umran. β-Carotene and α-tocopherol also decreased as ripening progressed. However, the decrease was more pronounced in Umran as compared to Kaithali.Svrha je ovog istraživanja bila utvrditi razinu peroksidacije lipida, oksidacijski stres i antioksidacijski sustav u plodovima voća Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. pri različitom vremenu skladištenja, i to sorte Umran od 8 do 9 dana i sorte Kaithali od 4 do 5 dana. Vizualnim su pregledom plodovi svrstani u ove skupine: nezreli zeleni plodovi, sazreli zeleni plodovi, dozreli plodovi koji su promijenili boju te zreli i prezreli plodovi. Pri sazrijevanju obje sorte bitno se povećala aktivnost lipoksigenaze, i to tri puta u plodovima sorte Umran, a četiri puta u plodovima sorte Kaithali, kao i udjeli malondialdehida, koji su bili trostruko veći u obje sorte nakon zrenja. Udjel je vodikova peroksida nakon zrenja plodova bio dvostruko veći u plodovima sorte Umran i trostruko veći u plodovima sorte Kaithali. Plodovi sorte Kaithali imaju kraći rok trajanja od plodova sorte Umran, što se vidi iz većih vrijednosti ispitivanih parametara u gotovo svim fazama sazrijevanja voća. Aktivnosti superoksid dismutaze, glutation reduktaze i askorbat peroksidaze povećale su se u prvim fazama sazrijevanja plodova, ali su se nakon toga smanjile, dok se aktivnost peroksidaze kontinuirano smanjivala tijekom zrenja voća. S druge strane, aktivnost se katalaze neprestano pojačavala. Antioksidacijski su enzimi imali veću aktivnost u plodovima sorte Umran. Ukupni se udjel askorbinske kiseline povećao u dozrelim plodovima koji su promijenili boju, u usporedbi s nezrelim plodovima. Udjel je glutationa bio veći u sazrelim nego u nezrelim zelenim plodovima, a nakon toga se sazrijevanjem plodova smanjivao u obje sorte voća. Sorta Kaithali imala je veći udjel askorbata od sorte Umrani. Udjel se β-karotena i α-tokoferola smanjivao tijekom sazrijevanja plodova, što je bilo izraženije u plodovima sorte Umran nego u onima sorte Kaithali

An Economic Assessment along the Jatropha-based Biodiesel Value Chain In India

The Government of India had launched the National Biofuel Mission in the year 2003 as an initiative to limit the country’s dependence on crude oil imports. An integral part of this mission is the Biodiesel Blending program and Jatropha, a tree-borne biodiesel yielding crop, is the cornerstone of the program. This study has been specifically designed to carry out economic assessment of the upcoming jatropha-based biodiesel value chain in the country. The study, based on primary data collected from three major jatropha growing states, has observed that jatropha cultivation is an economically viable proposition in the long-run as indicated by favourable values of net present value, internal rate of return and benefit cost ratio. Nevertheless, initial government support till attaining break even point is crucial to sustain the interest of the farmers. The jatropha seed processing industry has been found to be viable if operated at sufficient economies of scale, which in turn is determined by the level of backward integration with the seed market and a forward integration with biodiesel distribution channels. However, the existing biodiesel value chain in India lacks this integration and is characterized by under-developed seed markets, sub-optimal processing infrastructure and ill-defined biodiesel distribution channels. The involvement of corporate players to participate in processing and distribution activities has further delayed the program to take off. The study has cautioned that unless proactive orientation of all the stakeholders is ensured, the program may fail to meet its objectives, at least in the medium-term.Agricultural and Food Policy,

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Journal of Oilseeds Research

Not AvailableImprovement of oil content and oil quality are the major goals in the sunflower research. In the present study, a set of 60 sunflower inbred lines were evaluated for oil content and fatty acid profile. Oil content in the inbreds, ranged from 28.13 (GPR-58)to 41.03% (RHA6D-1 and AKSFI-42-1). Nine inbred lines showed more than 38 percent oil content and one line showed high linoleic acid content of 70.2% (RHA-272). Two other inbred lines viz,. AKSFI-52-2 (10.47%) and CSFI-5033 (10.27%) have recorded high stearic acid content

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Not AvailableEight non-spiny cultivars were evaluated under rainfed conditions during the post rainy season of 2012-13 for their seed and petal yield in comparison to two spiny cultivars. Spiny cultivars yielded (1515 kg/ha) significantly greater than non-spiny cultivars (911 kg/ha). Among the non-spiny cultivars NARI-NH-1 and NARI-6 (1175 kg/ha) were significantly superior over other non-spiny cultivars ( 823 kg/ha).Not Availabl

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Not AvailableCastor (Ricinus communis L.) oil is used in production of wide range of industrial products because of the presence of nearly 85% of ricinoleic acid in it. Any increase in the ricinoleic acid level would be great benefit to industry. None of the existing castor cultivars possess ≥90% ricinoleic acid because donors with this level of ricinoleic acid are not available to develop high ricinoleic type cultivars.In order to search for high ricinoleic acid genotypes, the present investigation was under taken. Fatty acid and oil content were assayed in 392 castor genotypes comprising335 Indian and 57 non-Indian collections. Great variation was observed among the collections for oil content and fatty acid composition. Oil content ranged from 38.5 to 53.5% while ricinoleic acid was between 71.15 and 93.68%. Diversity analysis was done using K-means clustering which clustered the entire collection into 30 diverse groups by minimizing the dissimilarity within each cluster while maximizing the dissimilarity between clusters. Finally, 15 accessions having high oil (52–54%), high ricinoleic acid (91.12–93.68%) and high monounsaturates (92.8–94.95%) levels were identified. These would be of great value as donors to develop high oil, high ricinoleic type castor cultivars.n

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Not AvailableFatty acid composition and oil content of nine breeding lines and one released variety (check) safflower viz., ole-9-P2-P1-P22, ole-9-P2-P4-P37, ole-9-P2-P4-P48, ole-9-P2-P3-P21, ole-9-P2-P4-P1, ole-9-P2-P4-P16, ole-9-bulk-1-P7-P9, ole-9-bulk-1-P7-P11, ole-9-bulk-2-P3-P16 and A1 was assayed. Oleic acid content ranging from 17 to 82.99%, the high oleic acid was determined in genotype ole-9-P2-P4-P1 (82.99%) followed by ole-9-bulk-2-P3-P16 (81.79%) and ole-9-P2-P3-P21 (81.72%). The lowest oleic content of 17.7% was obtained from check, A1. The highest oil content was obtained from genotype ole-9-P2-P1-P22, ole-9-P2-P4-P37, ole-9-P2-P3-P21 and ole-9-P2-P4-P16 (34.1%) and the lowest 28.0 was in A1.Not Availabl