18 research outputs found

    Estudios sobre la fertilidad y compatibilidad sexual del hongo Pyricularia grisea (Sacc) y sus implicaciones en el desarrollo de resistencia durable en variedades de arroz para Colombia

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    El añublo ô quemazón del arroz, causado por el hongo P. grisea (Sacc), es la enfermedad más limitante del cultivo en todo el mundo. La resistencia varietal ha sido y continua siendo la base para el control de la pyricularia, sin embargo, ésta resistencia se pierde rápidamente debido al surgimiento de nuevas razas fisiológicas del hongo. Hasta el momento, no se ha logrado determinar con certeza los posìbles mecanismos empleados por el hongo para que se estén originando continuamente nuevas razas fisiológicas. Debido a lo antenor, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue tratar de averiguar bajo condiciones de laboratorio si la reproducción sexual o estado perfeco de Pyricularia grisea se presenta en aislamientos recuperados de arroz y de malezas presentes en Colombia. Para realizar ésta investigación se utilizó un total de 155 aislamientos, provenientes de diferentes zonas del país; de éstos aislamientos 99 provenían de arroz y 56 se aislaron de malezas. Los aislamientos se clasificaron en cuatro grupos de acuerdo a sus características genéticas, grupos de apareamiento y/o origen y a las implicaciones que pueden presentar estos en las estrategias de mejoramiento. Los aislamientos de cada grupo se combinaron entre ellos en medio de cultivo dando las condiciones óptimas para que se formara el estado perfecto de P. grisea de acuerdo a la literatura. No se observó formación de peritecios en ninguna de las combinaciones hechas para los cuatro grupos. Esto quiere decir que la reproducción sexual o estado perfècto de P. grisea, no esta presente en los aislamientos de la población del patógeno que se estudió, lo cual indica que este mecanismo de reproducción no esta jugando un papel importante en el origen de la variabilidad del patógeno. Esto apoya las estrategias de mejoramiento que se están implementando por el CIAT para sacar líneas resistentes, basadas en la acumulación de genes de resistencia específicos a diferentes familias genéticas del hongo, ya que no se está corriendo el riesgo de que por medio de la reproducción sexual se vayan a originar rápidamente nuevas razas fisiológicas que combinen gran número de genes de virulencia compatibles con las nuevas variedades que se están desarrollando. Se recomienda estudiar el efecto de otros mecanismos que puedan originar variabilidad patogénica como son el ciclo parasexual y las mutaciones. = Rice blast caused by the fungus Pyricularia grisea (Sacc) is the major constraint of the crop. Development of resistant varieties has been the preferred means to control blast, however, resistance breakdown occurs shortly after varietal release, due to the appearance of new races of the pathogen. It has not been possible to determine the possible mechanisms used by the fungus for originating pathogenic variation. The objective of this work was to study under laboratory conditions if Colombian isolates of P. grisea collected on rice and weeds might use sexual reproduction to generate pathogenic variability, and to determine the breeding implications of the results for the development of resistance to blast followed at CIAT. During this research 99 blast isolates collected on rice, and 56 from weeds were used. The isolates were classified into four groups according to their genetic characteristics, mating type, and/or origin and their importance for breeding strategies. Each isolate within a group was paired with the others in all possible combinations. Crosses were made on artificial medium giving all optimal conditions to favor the development of the sexual stage, according to the literature. Formation of perithecia was not observed for any combination in any of the four groups. The results suggest that sexual reproduction was not possible in the population of the blast pathogen studied, indicating that this mechanism is not playing an important role in generating pathogenic variability in the fungus in Colombia. This observation supports the breeding strategies implemented at CIAT for developing resistant varieties. These strategies are based on the accumulation of resistance genes specific to different genetic families of the fungus. The lack of the sexual stage implies that accumulation of virulence genes specific to certain resistance genes is of low probability. It is recommended to study the effect of other possible mechanisms of reproduction that may play a role in generating pathogenic variability such as the parasexual cycle and mutations

    Hipótesis de la exclusión de linajes: Una alternativa para el desarrollo de cultivares de arroz con resistencia durable a Pyricularia grisea (Sacc) en Colombia

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    El añublo del arroz causado por Pyricularia grisea (Sacc) es la principal enfermedad del cultivo en todo el mundo. El desarrollo dc variedades resistentes es el método preferido para el control de la enfermedad; sin embargo, las variedades pierden su resistencia en períodos de 1 a 2 años después de su liberación debido a la gran variabilidad del patógeno. En Colombia se han reportado más de 50 razas, representadas principalmente en seis familias genéticas denominadas SRL-1 a SRL-6., las cuales deben ser contrarrestadas mediante la combinación de genes de resistencia complementarios a las diferentes familias genéticas del hongo, incorporados en variedades debidamente evaluadas. En la presente investigación se planeó estudiar bajo condiciones controladas de invernadero y campo la reacción de las progenies del cruce de las líneas isogénicas C 101 LAC y C 101 A51 del IRRI a la población del patógeno en Colombia. Las líneas poseen los genes de resistencia Pi-1 y Pi-2 respectivamente. El gen Pi-1 muestra compatibilidad con la familia genética SRL-5 y el Pi- 2 muestra compatibilidad con las familias genéticas SRL-1, SRL-2, SRL-4 y SRL. Durante el estudio se analizaron hasta la F6 108 lineas provenientes del cruce simple C 101 LAC x C 101 A51 por su reacción al añublo. Las lineas se inocularon con 19 aislamientos, 15 de ellos representativos de las seis familias genéticas del hongos y 4 no identificados. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que 19 líneas ( 17,4% ) presentaron resistencia tanto en el campo como a los seis linajes en las inoculaciones hechas en invernadero, demostrando que la combinación de los genes Pi-1 y Pi-2 confieren resistencia a toda la población de P. grisea en Colombia. Se recomienda que las líneas seleccionadas por su resistencia completa a Pyricutana en este estudio se deben seguir evaluando en generaciones posteriores para corroborar la estabilidad de la resistencia al añublo y luego incorporarlas en programas de mejoramiento. = Rice blast caused by the fungus Pyricularia grisea (Sacc.) is the most important disease of rice crops throughout the world. The development of resistant varieties is the method preferred by breeders for the control of the disease; however, varieties tend to become susceptible in periods ranging from one to two years after their deployment. The great variability of the pathogen is mentioned as the cause o F the breaking down of the resistance. More than 50 races grouped mainly into six genetic families named from SRL-1 to SRL-6, have been reported to exist in Colombia. The combination of complementary resistance genes between genetic families in varieties of more durable resistance conveniently evaluated is the correct way. This research, carried out under controlled greenhouse and field conditions, has been to study the reaction to the pathogen populations in Colombia of the progenies resulting from the cross between C 101 LAG x C 101 A51 from IRRI which contain the Pi-1 and the Pi-2 resistance genes, respectively. Pi-1 gene showed compatibility with the SRL-5 genetic families and the Pi-2 gene with genetic families 1, 2, 4, and 6. A total of 109 lines obtained from the simple cross between the two isogenic lines were tested up to the F6 generation for their reaction to rice blast. These lines were inoculated with 19 isolates, 15 of which represent the six genetic families of the fungus, the four remaining isolates had not been previously classified. The results obtained showed that 19 lines (17.4%) resulted to be resistant under field conditions as well as to the six lineages of the greenhouse inoculations, indicating that the Pi-1 and Pi-2 gene combination confers resistance to the whole P. grisea population of Colombia. The lines selected in this study for the complete resistance to Pyricularia must be tested in further generations in order to confirm the stability of resistance to blast, and should be incorporated in breeding programs for future commercials varieties

    Mapping quantitative trait loci responsible for resistance to sheath blight in rice

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    Rice sheath blight (ShB), caused by the soilborne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani, annually causes severe losses in yield and quality in many rice production areas worldwide. Jasmine 85 is an indica cultivar that has proven to have a high level of resistance to this pathogen. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of controlled environment inoculation assays to detect ShB resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in a cross derived from the susceptible cv. Lemont and the resistant cv. Jasmine 85. The disease reactions of 250 F5 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were measured on the seedlings inoculated using microchamber and mist-chamber assays under greenhouse conditions. In total, 10 ShBQTLs were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 9 using these two methods. The microchamber method identified four of five new ShBQTLs, one on each of chromosomes 1, 3, 5, and 6. Both microchamber and mist-chamber methods identified two ShB-QTLs, qShB1 and qShB9- 2. Four of the ShB-QTLs or ShB-QTL regions identified on chromosomes 2, 3, and 9 were previously reported in the literature. The major ShB-QTL qShB9-2, which cosegregated with simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker RM245 on chromosome 9, contributed to 24.3 and 27.2% of total phenotypic variation in ShB using microchamber and mistchamber assays, respectively. qShB9-2, a plant-stage-independent QTL, was also verified in nine haplotypes of 10 resistant Lemont/Jasmine 85 RILs using haplotype analysis. These results suggest that multiple ShBQTLs are involved in ShB resistance and that microchamber and mistchamber methods are effective for detecting plant-stage-independent QTLs. Furthermore, two SSR markers, RM215 and RM245, are robust markers and can be used in marker-assisted breeding programs to improve ShB resistance
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