Pig herpesvirose: Aujeszky's disease

Aujeszky's disease, due to Suid herpesvirus 1, is a disease of wild and domestic pigs, which can occasionally infect other mammal species, such as cattle and domestic carnivores. Eradicated or in the process of being eradicated in domestic pig herds in most countries of the European Union and in North America, the disease remains endemic in wild boar populations, with a prevalence varying according to population densities. In domestic pigs, symptoms vary depending on the age of the animals, ranging from severe nervous disorders in piglets to respiratory and reproductive disorders in adults. In other species, the disease causes a fatal meningo-encephalitis. Control programmes usually combine vaccination with marker vaccines and screening with companion diagnostic kits. In countries free from Aujeszky's disease, serological surveillance is supplemented by active surveillance.La maladie d'Aujeszky, due à Suid herpesvirus 1, est une maladie des suidés sauvages et domestiques, qui peut atteindre occasionnellement d'autres espèces de mammifères comme les bovins et les carnivores domestiques. Éradiquée ou en cours d'éradication dans les élevages de porcs domestiques dans la plupart des pays de l'Union européenne et en Amérique du Nord, la maladie demeure endémique dans les populations de suidés sauvages, avec une prévalence qui diffère selon leur densité. Les symptômes varient selon l'âge des porcs, allant des troubles nerveux sévères chez les jeunes aux troubles respiratoires et troubles de la reproduction chez les adultes. Chez les autres espèces, la maladie se traduit par une méningo-encéphalite mortelle. Les plans de lutte associent généralement vaccination par des vaccins marqueurs et dépistage par des kits sérologiques compagnons. Dans les pays où la maladie est éradiquée, la surveillance sérologique active est complétée par la surveillance évènementielle

Cold Shock and Cold Acclimation Proteins in the Psychrotrophic Bacterium Arthrobacter globiformis SI55

The psychrotrophic bacterium Arthrobacter globiformis SI55 was grown at 4 and 25 degrees C, and the cell protein contents were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Cells subjected to cold shocks of increasing magnitude were also analyzed. Correspondence analysis of protein appearance distinguished four groups of physiological significance. Group I contained cold shock proteins (Csps) overexpressed only after a large temperature downshift. Group II contained Csps with optimal expression after mild shocks. Group III contained proteins overexpressed after all cold shocks. These last proteins were also overexpressed in cells growing at 4 degrees C and were considered to be early cold acclimation proteins (Caps). Group IV contained proteins which were present at high concentrations only in 4 degrees C steady-state cells and appeared to be late Caps. A portion of a gene very similar to the Escherichia coli cspA gene (encoding protein CS7.4) was identified. A synthetic peptide was used to produce an antibody which detected a CS7.4-like protein (A9) by immunoblotting two-dimensional electrophoresis gels of A. globiformis SI55 total proteins. Unlike mesophilic microorganisms, this CS7.4-like protein was still produced during prolonged growth at low temperature, and it might have a particular adaptive function needed for balanced growth under harsh conditions. However, A9 was induced at high temperature by chloramphenicol, suggesting that CS7.4-like proteins have a more general role than their sole implication in cold acclimation processes

Management of a wild reservoir : Swine fever in European wild boars (sus scrofa)

Classical swine fever (CSF) is a disease affecting wild and domestic Suidae. Wild boars (Sus scrofa) are considered as a reservoir for the disease, as CSF may persist for years in certain wild populations. The presence of this infection is a threat for the pig industry in the European Union where most of the member States are free of CSF.We describe the possible outcomes of an outbreak of CSF in wild animals, as well as the factors likely to influence the virus transmission and persistence. We also detail the management measures that were tested to date to prevent geographical spreading from the infected zones, and to eradicate CSF within the infected areas. The complexity of health measures dealing with an outbreak within natural populations is explained, with further details on the vaccination approach implemented in France since 2004.La peste porcine classique (PPC) est une maladie virale des Suidés domestiques et sauvages. Le sanglier (Sus scrofa) est considéré comme un réservoir de PPC car la maladie peut persister plusieurs années dans certaines populations sauvages. Or la présence de cette infection représente une menace pour la filière porcine de l'union européenne dont la plupart des États membres sont indemnes. Nous présentons ici les évolutions possibles d'un foyer sauvage de PPC en déclinant les facteurs probables de la transmission et de la persistance du virus. Nous abordons ensuite les différents moyens de gestion qui ont été mis en place jusqu'à aujourd'hui pour empêcher l'extension des zones infectées, et permettre l'éradication des foyers au sein des zones infectées. L'accent est mis sur la complexité de la gestion sanitaire d'un foyer en population naturelle. Un développement plus particulier est consacré à la gestion vaccinale qui est mise en oeuvre en France depuis 2004