Contrôle de la neige sur le dégel saisonnier des parois alpines: application à l’Aiguille du Midi (3842 m, massif du Mont Blanc).

National audienceLe retrait glaciaire et les processus gravitaires associés, caractéristiques de l’évolution des milieux de haute montagne induite par le réchauffement climatique, affectent de plus en plus fortement les itinéraires d’alpinisme dont les sentiers d’accès aux refuges de haute altitude. Alors que ces changements n’ont quasiment fait l’objet d’aucune étude, cette recherche tente de caractériser et d’expliquer l’évolution sur un peu plus d’un siècle des accès aux cinq refuges situés autour de la Mer de Glace (massif du Mont Blanc), le plus grand glacier français (L = 11,5 km, S = 30 km2), haut lieu du tourisme alpin depuis 1741 et berceau de l’alpinisme. Ce travail repose sur une méthodologie en 3 étapes : 1) récolte et analyse de cartes, de topo-guides et de photographies, 2) conduite d’entretiens semi-directifs et 3) analyse de modèles numériques de terrain à haute résolution acquis par balayage laser terrestre. Si l’essentiel du xxe siècle ne présente pas d’évolution marquée, la perte d’épaisseur du glacier et la dégradation associée des moraines latérales ont donné lieu à de nombreuses modifications des itinéraires à partir des années 1990. Malgré ces adaptations, leur dangerosité s’accroit et la nécessité de les équiper est sans cesse plus importante (633 m d’échelles actuellement), remettant en question l’accessibilité future des refuges

Thermal characteristics of permafrost in the steep alpine rock walls of the Aiguille du Midi (Mont Blanc Massif, 3842 m a.s.l)

Permafrost and related thermo-hydro-mechanical processes are thought to influence high alpine rock wall stability, but a lack of field measurements means that the characteristics and processes of rock wall permafrost are poorly understood. To help remedy this situation, in 2005 work began to install a monitoring system at the Aiguille du Midi (3842ma.s.l). This paper presents temperature records from nine surface sensors (eight years of records) and three 10 m deep boreholes (4 years of records), installed at locations with different surface and bedrock characteristics. In line with previous studies, our temperature data analyses showed that: micro-meteorology controls the surface temperature, active layer thicknesses are directly related to aspect and ranged from <2m to nearly 6 m, and that thin accumulations of snow and open fractures are cooling factors. Thermal profiles empirically demonstrated the coexistence within a single rock peak of warm and cold permafrost (about −1.5 to −4.5 ˚C at 10 m depth) and the resulting lateral heat fluxes. Our results also extended current knowledge of the effect of snow, in that we found similar thermo-insulation effects as reported for gentle mountain areas. Thick snow warms shaded areas, and may reduce active layer refreezing in winter and delay its thawing in summer. However, thick snow thermo-insulation has little effect compared to the high albedo of snow which leads to cooler conditions at the rock surface in areas exposed to the sun. A consistent inflection in the thermal profiles reflected the cooling effect of an open fracture in the bedrock, which appeared to act as a thermal cutoff in the sub-surface thermal regime. Our field data are the first to be obtained from an Alpine permafrost site where borehole temperatures are below −4 ˚C, and represent a first step towards the development of strategies to investigate poorly known aspects in steep bedrock permafrost such as the effects of snow cover and fractures

Snow control on active layer and permafrost in steep alpine rock walls (Aiguille du Midi, 3842 m a.s.l, Mont Blanc massif).

International audienceProcesses that control climate-dependent rockfall from permafrost-affected rock slopes are still poorly understood.In this study, we present the results of a Wireless Sensor Network, integrated within the Swiss project PermaSenseand developed in 2012, to measure rock temperature and geotechnical parameters in the steep rockwalls of theAiguille du Midi (AdM, 3842 m a.s.l., Mont Blanc massif, France). Accessible year round by cable car, the AdMcomprises two main peaks: (i) the Piton Nord with the cable car arrival station, where 4 crack-meters are placed onfour major fractures, and (ii) the Piton Central with many touristic infrastructure, equipped with three 10-m-deepboreholes with 15 temperatures sensors since 2009, and where 2 crack-meters are installed along a major fracture.Three major kinematic regimes are observed: (i) opening of clefts when the rock temperature becomes positive,followed by closing during the cold period, (ii) summer opening continued by a winter opening, and (iii) closingduring the warm period followed by opening in winter

Snow control on active layer thickness in steep alpine rock walls (Aiguille du Midi, 3842ma.s.l., Mont Blanc massif).

International audienceSince the early 2000s, a remarkable amount of rockfalls has been observed in permafrost areas of the mid-latitude mountain ranges concurrently to hot summers. This study explores the seasonal thaw (ST) in permafrost rock walls of the Aiguille du Midi site (3842 m a.s.l., Mont Blanc massif). We first analyse six years of temperature records in three 10 m-deep boreholes against air temperature (AT) and a four-year time series of pictures showing the snow conditions on two rock faces. Then, we test the sensitivity of the active layer against eight snow fall scenarios using the 1-D surface energy balance and heat conduction model CryoGrid 3 forced by in-situ measurements from a vertical face. Snow falls occur all the year round at this elevation and play an important role for the active layer thickness (ALT), but the snow cover and its control are highly heterogeneous. A long-lasting of a snow cover during spring/early summer delays the ST and reduces the ALT. The thicker and the more spatially-continuous is the snow cover, the stronger are the delay and ALT reduction. Convective clouds could also reinforce this pattern. The summer AT and heat waves are the dominant controlling factors of the ALT. But summer snow falls can sometimes persist for several days on the rock surface and reduce the effect of the heat waves. Active layer can thicken during the early fall, except if the snow starts to accumulate on the rock surface and favours the refreezing. The timing of the snow fall is the most critical parameter to determine the snow effect on the ALT. This study suggests that the characteristics of the bedrock and snow accumulation (steepness, surface roughness, and sun-exposure) must be taken into account to better understand the formation and changes of the active layer and its possible implications for rockfall triggering

Snow control on active layer thickness in steep alpine rock walls (Aiguille du Midi, 3842ma.s.l., Mont Blanc massif).

International audienceSince the early 2000s, a remarkable amount of rockfalls has been observed in permafrost areas of the mid-latitude mountain ranges concurrently to hot summers. This study explores the seasonal thaw (ST) in permafrost rock walls of the Aiguille du Midi site (3842 m a.s.l., Mont Blanc massif). We first analyse six years of temperature records in three 10 m-deep boreholes against air temperature (AT) and a four-year time series of pictures showing the snow conditions on two rock faces. Then, we test the sensitivity of the active layer against eight snow fall scenarios using the 1-D surface energy balance and heat conduction model CryoGrid 3 forced by in-situ measurements from a vertical face. Snow falls occur all the year round at this elevation and play an important role for the active layer thickness (ALT), but the snow cover and its control are highly heterogeneous. A long-lasting of a snow cover during spring/early summer delays the ST and reduces the ALT. The thicker and the more spatially-continuous is the snow cover, the stronger are the delay and ALT reduction. Convective clouds could also reinforce this pattern. The summer AT and heat waves are the dominant controlling factors of the ALT. But summer snow falls can sometimes persist for several days on the rock surface and reduce the effect of the heat waves. Active layer can thicken during the early fall, except if the snow starts to accumulate on the rock surface and favours the refreezing. The timing of the snow fall is the most critical parameter to determine the snow effect on the ALT. This study suggests that the characteristics of the bedrock and snow accumulation (steepness, surface roughness, and sun-exposure) must be taken into account to better understand the formation and changes of the active layer and its possible implications for rockfall triggering