Monasterium B. V. Mariae sub monte seu Promontorio Garigh, alias Garich

Podno najvišeg vrha Dugačkog brda na Moslavačkoj gori, a južno od staroga grada Garića, nalazi se najstariji pavlinski samostan na području današnje Hrvatske. Samostan Blažene Djevice Marije (poznat i kao Bela crkva) osnovao je oko 1250. godine magistar Tiburcije. Samostanski se sklop znatno razvio tijekom 14. i 15. stoljeća zahvaljujući političkoj i ekonomskoj moći. Redovnici su napustili moslavački samostan zbog otomanskih napada na moslavačko područje u vremenu između 1520. i 1544. godine. Samostan se nalazi na izdignutom pravokutnom platou što ga sa sve četiri strane određuje potok Crkveni jarak s pritocima. Samostanski je sklop prije početka arheoloških istraživanja 2009. godine u cijelosti bio prekriven gustom vegetacijom. Unatoč tome, bilo je moguće razaznati njegove vanjske dimenzije. Tijekom dvije sezone arheoloških radova istražena je samostanska crkva po cijeloj dužini unutar sjevernoga dijela longitudinalne simetrale. Crkva Navještenja Marijina (3.155 x 1.050 cm), smještena u sjeveroistočnom dijelu sklopa, longitudinalna je, jednobrodna (1.665 x 860 cm) građevina poligonalno zaključenog svetišta (1.275 x 650 cm). Na zapadnom pročelju pronađen je bogato profiliran kasnogotički portal. Ujedno je potvrđeno kako je unutrašnjost crkve bila popločena tavelama od opeke. Prema dosad postignutim rezultatima, može se pretpostaviti da je samostanski sklop imao tlocrtnu dispoziciju podjednaku onoj pavlinskoga samostana u Pécs-Jakabhegyu.The oldest Paulist monastery in the territory of the present-day Croatia is situated southwards from the old town of Garić, at the foot of the highest peak of Dugačko brdo hill on Moslavačka gora. Master Tiburtius founded around 1250 the Monastery of the Blessed Virgin Mary, also known as Bela crkva (Engl. White Church). Thanks to its political and economic power, the monastery complex was significantly developed during the 14th and the 15th centuries. The monks had left the monastery in Moslavina due to the Ottoman attack to the Moslavina area in the period between 1520 and 1544. The monastery is located on a raised rectangular plateau, defined on four sides by Crkveni jarak stream and its tributaries. Prior to the archaeological explorations carried out in 2009, the monastery complex was densely vegetated. It was nevertheless possible to discern its outer dimensions. During two seasons of archaeological works, the monastery church was explored along the whole length inside the northern part of its longitudinal bisector. The church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary (3155 x 1050 cm), situated in the northeastern part of the complex, is a longitudinal, uni-naval (1665 x 860 cm) building, with a polygonally shaped sanctuary (1275 x 650 cm). A richly profiled late-Gothic portal was found on its western front. It was further established that the church interior had been paved with bricks. According to the results achieved so far, it may be supposed that the ground-plan disposition of the monastery complex resembled the one of the Paulist monastery in Pécs-Jakabhegy

MONASTERIUM DE S. PETRI IN MONTE ZLAT

Pavlinski samostan sv. Petra na Zlatu (Petrova gora) osnovao je 1303. ili 1304. g. otac Gerdas (Gerardo, Grdoš). Samostanski sklop stradao je prvi put u vrijeme osmanlijskih napada oko 1451. g., a redovnici su se sklonili u sigurnije Kamensko. Pavlini su se na Zlat vratili oko 1495. g., no samostan je zbog sve učestalijih osmanlijskih prodora zauvijek napušten između 1545. i 1558. g. Nakon što su pavlini posjed napustili, zidovi srušene lađe iskorišteni su kao osnova na kojoj je podignut čardak, dok je na temeljima zidova svetišta izgrađen drveni trijem. Početkom 19. st. na temeljima svetišta crkve podignut je pravoslavni hram Silaska Sv. Duha s pravokutnim zvonikom uz istočni dio južnoga pročelja. Zlatski je samostan za sada jedini u cijelosti istražen (1987–1988, 2006–2007) kasnosrednjovjekovni pavlinski samostan na onodobnome slavonskom prostoru.Th e Pauline Monastery of St. Peter on Zlat (Petrova gora) was established in 1303 or 1304 by Father Gerdas (Gerardo, Grdoš). Th e monastery complex sustained damage the first time during Ottoman raids in roughly 1451, and its monks sought refuge in the safer location of Kamensko. Th e Pauline monks returned to Zlat at around 1495, but due to increasingly frequent Ottoman incursions, the monastery was permanently abandoned between 1545 and 1558. After the Paulines abandoned the estate, the walls of the collapsed nave were used as the foundation upon which a watchtower (chardak) was constructed, while a wooden portico was raised on the foundations of the chancel walls. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Orthodox Temple of the Descent of the Holy Spirit was erected on the foundations of the church\u27s chancel. It had a rectangular bell-tower along the eastern section of the southern façade. The Zlat monastery is, for now, the only entirely researched (1987-1988, 2006-2007) late medieval Pauline monastery in the territory of contemporary Slavonia

Bulla plumbea of pope Boniface IX from Streza

Pavlinski samostan Svih svetih u Strezi osnovan je 1374. godine zakladnicom magistra Ivana Bisena. Tijekom nešto manje od dva stoljeća streški je samostan postao jedan od najutjecajnijih u ovom dijelu kasnosrednjovjekovnog slavonskog prostora. Zbog sve osjetnijih posljedica osmanlijskih prodora, pavlini su početkom 16. stoljeća napustili samostan u Strezi i sklonili se u sigurniju Lepoglavu. Napušteni je samostan lokalnom stanovništvu tako postao glavni izvor građevinskog materijala, što je znatno ubrzalo njegovu sustavnu razgradnju. Tijekom šest sezona arheoloških istraživanja (2006.–2011.) potvrđeni su vanjski gabariti samostanskog sklopa, a u većoj je mjeri istražena i samostanska crkva izgrađena u skladu s uzusom gradnje sakralnih objekata pavlinskog reda. Lađa samostanske crkve u cijelosti je istražena tijekom radova 2008., 2009. te 2011. godine. Istraženo je 77 grobova koji se mogu datirati u vrijeme između osnutka samostana (taqn) i vremena kada su pavlini trajno napustili samostan (tpqn). Izuzetak među istraženim grobovima u lađi streške samostanske crkve jest grob 071, ukopan u zidanoj grobnici smještenoj u sjevernom dijelu četvrtog traveja. Društveni je položaj ovog pokojnika, izuzev smještaja i načina gradnje grobnice, bio jasno određen i olovnom bulom pape Bonifacija IX. (1389.–1404.) koja je pronađena na lijevoj strani njegovog prsnog koša.The Pauline monastery of All Saints in Streza was founded in 1374 by the endowment of magistrate Ivan Bissen. In less than two centuries, monastery in Streza became one of the most influential monasteries in this part of the late medieval territory of Slavonia. Due to the increasing Ottoman incursions at the beginning of 16th century, Pauline monks have abandoned the monastery in Streza and found refuge in Lepoglava. Abandoned monastery became the main source of building material for the local population, which abetted its further degradation. During six seasons of archaeological research (2006–2011) the external dimensions of the monastery complex were confirmed, as well as the layout of the Church of All Saints, constructed in compliance with the preferences of Pauline Order for building sacral edifices. Nave of the monastery church was entirely examined during works in 2008, 2009, and 2011. In total, 77 graves, which can be dated in the period between the founding (taqn) and the abandonment of the monastery (tpqn), have been excavated. Exception amongst the examined graves in the nave of the monastery church is grave 071, buried in a walled tomb located in the north part of the fourth bay. Social status of the deceased, apart from the location and the construction of the tomb, was evident from the lead bulla of Pope Boniface IX (1389–1404) found on the left side of his chest

Old cities and fortresses in the mountainsof Moslavina and Zrinska gora: Issues of researching, conserving and presenting

U radu su predstavljena dva modela upravljanja kasnosrednjovjekovnim i ranonovovjekovnim gradovima i utvrdama kontinentalne Hrvatske. Modeli su zasnovani na revaloriziranju vrijednosti, primjeni načela kulturnog menadžmenta te s pragmatičnim stavom spram odnosa potreba i mogućnosti.The issue of researching, conserving and presenting late mediaeval and early modern cities and fortresses of continental Croatia has become a large problem in a time of world economic crisis. This has developed from several different factors. Old cities and fortresses are mainly structures of large dimensions and unkempt, often located in isolated areas and overgrown with thick vegetation. Furthermore, adequate blueprint documentation and complete historically archived studies exist for only a small number of old cities and fortresses. However, the greatest problems are their large quantity and a chronic lack of financial resources. From the above mentioned, it is obvious that solving one of the problems inevitably means emphasizing another (ex. for creating detailed documentation of the existing state of a structure it is necessary to remove the vegetation surrounding and covering it which speeds up the decay of the object). Therefore, it is very important to attempt to define several steps (management models) for conscientious maintenance of old cities and fortresses, based on objective criteria, pragmatic viewpoints and economic principles of cultural management. These steps will also encompass the issues and interrelatedness of securing access to the structures (removing vegetation, clearing an access path), creation of blueprint documentation, research (archaeological, conservational, historical, archival and others), measures and methods for conservation, restoration, presenting and promotion, long term maintenance and clear definition, and alignment of value, vision, mission, goals and economic factors. The study presents two models of management. The first model is related to objects which, regardless of positive cultural, historical, scientific, aesthetic and sociological values have negative economic characteristics. In order to ensure their long-term maintenance, and in accordance with financial possibilities, a digital database of the existing state recorded with 3D laser scanning technology is being compiled. Creating this database and yearly monitoring of the condition of the structures will enable the creation of a priority list of endangered monumental heritage and allow for determination of precise investments. This model was presented based on the example of the old city Zrin. The second management model refers to those structures whose SWOT and CB analyses justify further investments from research to revitalizing. Positive results are presented using the „On the paths of the Moslavina forest heritage“ and „fortresses of the Petrinja region“ projects. These positive results include using the management models with the goal of maximizing positive effects on heritage and cultural tourism, strengthening social values and supporting the development of the local economy

The migration period in Iovia-Botivo − a 5th century grave with a trepanation

During systematic research in Ludbreg (Roman Iovia-Botivo) in 2011, a 5th century grave built of tegulae was discovered within the Roman stratum. The deceased has a trepanation on his skull and was accompanied by a single object, a silver ring buckle. The newfound grave has undergone radiocarbon and radiological analysis. The discovery of this grave has prompted a revision of previous graves of the Migration Period found in Ludbreg, discovered in previous research, as well as the accidental find of a grave found between Ludbreg and Selnik. Available data on these graves have been analysed and contextualized within the complex historical period of Late Antiquity and the Migration Period of northern Croatia. Analysis of the graves in question has shown that Roman Iovia ceased to function during the 5th century

Jelengrad and Košutgrad – Two burgs in Moslavina

Tijekom 2012. godine započela su sustavna arheološka istraživanja Jelengrada i Košutgrada, dvaju kasnosrednjovjekovnih gradova na Moslavačkoj gori. Iako su oba grada nesumnjivo imala značajnu ulogu u onodobnom kulturno-povijesnom krajobrazu, nakon napuštanja krajem 16. stoljeća ostali su prepušteni vegetaciji i neumitnom zubu vremena, u potpunosti izvan fokusa znanstvenog interesa. Cilj ove prve sezone istraživanja bio je njihovo raščišćavanje od vegetacije te urušene građe, potvrđivanje stratigrafske slike te izrada nacrtne dokumentacije.In 2012 Croatian Conservation Institute started with systematic archaeological excavations of Jelengrad and Košutgrad, two late medieval burgs on Moslavina Mountain. Although both burgs have undoubtedly had important place in the cultural-historic landscape during late medieval period, after their abandonment at the end of the 16th century, they have been left to the ravages of time and vegetation, outside of any scientific focus. Main goals of this first season of archaeological excavations were clearing the locations of vegetation and debris, confirmation of stratigraphy, and making of detail plan documentation

Monasterium Omnium Sanctorum de Ztreza Ordinis S. Pauli Primi Eremitae

Pavlinski samostan Svih svetih u Strezi (Pavlin Kloštar) izgrađen je krajem 14. stoljeća, a napušten već sredinom 16. stoljeća. Potpuno sačuvani Urbar samostana u Strezi iz 1477. jedan je od najznačajnijih izvora za poznavanje feudalnoga uređenja srednjovjekovnoga prostora današnje kontinentalne Hrvatske. Tijekom triju sezona arheoloških istraživanja započetih 2006. potvrđeni su vanjski gabariti samostanskoga sklopa i u cijelosti je utvrđena tlocrtna dispozicija crkve Svih svetih.The Pauline Monastery of All Saints in Streza (Pavlin Kloštar) was founded at the end of the fourteenth century, yet already abandoned by the mid-sixteenth century. The entirely preserved Urbarium of the monastery in Streza of 1477 is one of the most important sources for knowledge on the feudal organization of the medieval territory of today’s continental Croatia. During three seasons of archaeological research that started in 2006, the external dimensions of the monastery complex were confirmed, as well as the layout of the Church of All Saints

Archaeological researches of the interior of Saint Peter Chapel in Novo Mjesto

Tijekom 2002. godine istražena je unutrašnjost kasnoromaničke kapele Sv. Petra u Novom Mjestu pokraj Sv. Ivana Zeline. Potvrđene su tri podnice koje se poklapaju s vremenima pojedinih pregradnji kapele, kao što je potvrđeno i postojanje drvenog pjevališta koje se spominje u kanonskim vizitama iz 18. stoljeća. U cijelom prostoru lađe pronađeno je mnogo dislociranih kostiju s postmortalnim oštećenjima. Jedino je u svetištu pronađeno sedam neporemećenih grobnih ukopa datiranih u 15., odnosno 16. stoljeće.In 2002 the interior of late Romanesque chapel of St Peter in Novo Mjesto was investigated(around 60 m2), works being carried out by stagesas the very statics of the chapel walls was in a bad condition. It was found out that the foundations and walls were made of bricks with a lotof linking material. Besides that, the existence ofthree walking layers was confi rmed . These layers correspond to the chapel restauration periods.Also, foundations of choir fl oor and of three altarswere discovered, as well as an earlier woodenchoir, before known only from canon visits in 18thcentury. The nave hid a lot of scattered bones withpostmortal damages while undisturbed graveswere discovered in the shrine. All seven gravesfall in 15/16th centuries. Levels of interment correspond to the levels recorded in archaeologicalexcavations conducted around the church by theZelina museum which confirmed a mediaevalcemetery. The examined part of the nave also displayedfour mediaeval coins-golden forint of king Sigismund (1387-1427), silver obol from 15th century, one silver (15th cent.) and copper pfennig(16th cent.). A copper cross was found in thedust- pectoral with silver crucifi edChrist and theaccompanying chain. Given the stylistic features,this Christ fi gure may be dated as belonging tothe 14th century, while the cross may have beenmade later ( the form became widespread only in15th cent.). It may be assumed that Christ fi gurineoriginally belonged to some other object and thisone was its secondary purpose. There were also two medallions: one withZachary’s invocation and St. Benedict’s cross (17thcent.), and one with St. Cayetan’s image (17/18 thcent.). Both of them are common fi ndings in modern history graves but may as well be just accidental fi ndings. St. Benedict’s medallion or Benedict’spfennig is extremely popular with ordinary peoplebecause it is universal protection against diseases,plague, and trouble, even against witches, spellsand bad weather. It protects homes, stables andfi elds. St. Cayetan’s medallion is interesting as itrepresents the saint with saintly attributes soon after his canonisation. Cayetan was proclaimed saintin 1671, and the medallion dates 17-18th cent. The shell discovered belongs to Jacob’s scallop, Pecten maximus, specific of Spanish andFrench parts of the Mediterranean. One of NovoMjesto parishioners may have gone on pilgrimageto Santiago de Compostela, which, along with theHoly Grave in Jeruzalem and St. Peter’s tumb inRome, used to be the most signifi cant place ofpilgrimage in the Middle Ages. Other fi ndings include three pieces of yarnand textile fragments with gold fi bres and a considerable quantity of mediaeval pottery and studsand nails. The pottery could have originally beenin the dust outside the chapel and got inside as thewalking layer was raised. It was possible to restore only two dishes.Most fragments were parts of everyday kitchenutensils like bowls, plates and lids. Some of thesefragments are decorated by cuts and punctures orwavy lines

Krčingrad at Plitvice and the Babonić – Contextualizing the Date of Construction

Stari grad Krčingrad nalazi se na šumovitomu poluotoku između Kozjačkoga i Gradinskoga jezera u sklopu Nacionalnoga parka Plitvička jezera. Unatoč svojemu iznimnom položaju njegova je prošlost slabo poznata zbog nedostatka sačuvanih pisanih izvora. Interdisciplinarnim sagledavanja rezultata arheoloških istraživanja u radu se nastoji odgovoriti na pitanje vlasništva ovoga plitvičkog starog grada. Pri tome je širokom kontekstualizacijom sačuvanih povijesnih izvora razmotren međuodnos Krčingrada, Drežničke županije i knezova Babonića, postojanje srednjovjekovnoga prometnog smjera kroz Plitvička jezera te značenje njegove mikrolokacije.The old town of Krčingrad is located on the wooded peninsula between the Kozjačko and Gradinsko lakes in the National Park of Plitvice Lakes. Despite its extraordinary position, its past is barely known owing to the scarcity of written documents. Based on an interdisciplinary evaluation of the archaeological finds, the author discusses the question of ownership over this old town at Plitvice. A broad contextualization of the preserved historical sources has served to consider the correlation between Krčingrad, Drežnička County, and the Babonić Counts, the existence of a medieval traffic route through the Plitvice Lakes, and the significance of its micro-location. The area of Plitvice Lakes is mentioned in a charter issued by King Andrew III the Venetian (1292), as an integral part of Drežnička County and owned by the Babonić. The very micro-location of Krčingrad on the peninsula between the two lakes suggests that it may have been built at the spot where goods were transported from Kozjačko to Gradinsko lakes. The geostrategic importance of the Plitvice route, and thus of Krčingrad itself, changed in 1323, when King Charles Robert confirmed Drežnička County as property of Count Dujam III. Even though the Plitvice route was the fastest connection between the Frankapan properties in Drežnička and Gatačka counties, Krčingrad lost its strategic importance because it ceased to be a crucial defence spot on the edge of political and economic domains of the Babonić and was included in those of the Frankapan, the Counts of Krk. It is probably at that time that Krčingrad fell into disuse, as it was no longer playing any role in the geostrategic plans of its new masters Frankapan, the Counts of Krk. In the last decades of the 15th century, with the Ottoman incursions and their final occupation of this area in the second half of the 1520s, the importance of the Plitvice route and Krčingrad further decreased. Even though the Ottomans occasionally used the Plitvice route as late as the mid-16th century in their raids, it was in the late 15th century that it lost its importance as an important trade and traffic route