When temporal prediction errs:ERP responses to delayed action-feedback onset

Sensory suppression effects observed in electroencephalography (EEG) index successful predictions of the type and timing of self-generated sensory feedback. However, it is unclear how precise the timing prediction of sensory feedback is, and how temporal delays between an action and its sensory feedback affect perception. The current study investigated how prediction errors induced by delaying tone onset times affect the processing of sensory feedback in audition. Participants listened to self-generated (via button press) or externally generated tones. Self-generated tones were presented either without or with various delays (50, 100, or 250 ms; in 30% of trials). Comparing listening to externally generated and self-generated tones resulted in action-related P50 amplitude suppression to tones presented immediately or 100 ms after the button press. Subsequent ERP responses became more sensitive to the type of delay. Whereas the comparison of actual and predicted sensory feedback (N1) tolerated temporal uncertainty up to 100 ms, P2 suppression was modulated by delay in a graded manner: suppression decreased with an increase in sensory feedback delay. Self-generated tones occurring 250 ms after the button press additionally elicited an enhanced N2 response. These findings suggest functionally dissociable processes within the forward model that are affected by the timing of sensory feedback to self-action: relative tolerance of temporal delay in the P50 and N1, confirming previous results, but increased sensitivity in the P2. Further, they indicate that temporal prediction errors are treated differently by the auditory system: only delays that occurred after a temporal integration window (∼100 ms) impact the conscious detection of altered sensory feedback

Leaf area Index and yield of upland rice. II. Manifestation through yield components

A relação entre o índice de área foliar (IAF e a produtividade, manifesta através dos componentes, foi estudada na cultivar de arroz de sequeiro IAC 47, em dois experimentos de campo, com distintas épocas de plantio. As chuvas foram abundantes e bem distribuídas durante o período reprodutivo da 1ª época, enquanto escassas para a 2ª, ocasionando deficiência hídrica. Variação no IAF foi obtida através de cinco níveis de desfolhamento (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100%) praticados no estágio de diferenciação das espiguetas, a partir de IAF em torno de 6,5 e 5,5 para a 1 e 25 épocas, respectivamente. Foi testado um tratamento adicional na 2ª época, em que 50% de desfolhamento foi obtido pela eliminação de perfilhos. A análise de covariância indicou que o efeito do IAF se deu através do número de espiguetas na 1ª época, e da fertilidade de espiguetas, na 2ª. A comparação do tratamento adicional com o padrão para 50% de desfolhamento, indicou que o número de perfilhos pode ser aumentado sem decréscimo da resistência à seca, desde que a área foliar por perfilho seja reduzida.- The relationship between leaf area index (LAI) and yield, through its components, was studied in the upland rice cultivar, IAC 47, in two field experiments with different planting dates. Rains were abundant and well distributed during the reproductive stage of the first experiment (EXP I), whereas were scarce for the second one (EXP II), resulting in water stress to the plants. In order to achieve variation in LAI, five defoliation levels (O, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) were performed at the stage of spikelet differentiation. Before cutting, LAI was 6,5 for EXP I, and 5,5 for EXP II. An additional treatment was tested in EXP II, in which 50% of the leaf area was removed through detillering. Covariance analysis showed that LAI effect on yield was exerted through spikelet number in EXP I, and through spikelet fertility in EXP II. Comparison of the detillering treatment with the standard 50% defoliation showed that the number of tillers can be increased without decrease in drought resistance if leaf area per tiller is reduce

Aloenxertos ósseos granulados esponjosos criopreservados na revisão do componente acetabular de artroplastias da anca: protocolos de preparação, de processamento e técnica de impactação

Os defeitos ósseos acetabulares presentes numa falência de uma artroplastia total da anca podem ser reconstruídos com enxertos ósseos granulados impactados, quer se reimplante uma cúpula cimentada quer uma cúpula não cimentada. Na maioria das publicações ortopédicas, os enxertos ósseos são preparados a partir de cabeças femorais colhidas em dadores vivos submetidos a uma artroplastia da anca. O propósito deste trabalho é descrever os métodos de preparação e processamento e a técnica de impactação de aloenxertos esponjosos granulados congelados, usados na reconstrução acetabular de revisões de artroplastias da anca. O osso esponjoso colhido nos pratos da tíbia e nos côndilos femorais do dador de órgãos, é fragmentado com instrumentos manuais e não com um moinho de osso, é submetido a soluções de peróxido de hidrogénio e de etanol e conservado a -80ºC. O tamanho dos fragmentos (7-10 mm), a lavagem dos enxertos, a contenção dos defeitos ósseos, a técnica de impactação convencional e a vascularização do osso hospedeiro, são fatores críticos para o sucesso das reconstruções acetabulares biológicas.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Low Colorectal Cancer Survival in the Mountain West State of Nevada: A Population-Based Analysis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third greatest cancer burden in the United States. The remarkably diverse Mountain West state of Nevada has uncharacteristically high CRC mortality compared to other Western states. We aimed to study the determinants of the CRC excess burden by using data from the Nevada Central Cancer Registry from 2003–2013. Five-year cause-specific age-adjusted survival from colorectal cancer was calculated and stratified by sex, race/ethnicity and region of Nevada. Cox Proportional Hazards regression modelling was used to study the impact of demographic, social, and clinical factors on CRC survival in Nevada, assessing follow-up as accurately as possible. The extent to which differences in survival can be explained by receipt of stage-appropriate treatment was also assessed. 12,413 CRC cases from 2003–2013 in Nevada were analyzed. Five-year CRC survival was low: 56.0% (95% CI: 54.6–57.5) among males and 59.5% (95% CI: 58.0–61.1) among females; significantly lower than national 5-year survival of 65.1% and 66.5%, respectively. Low survival was driven by populous Southern Nevada; after adjustment for all covariates, Southern Nevadans were at 17% higher risk of death than their counterparts in Northwestern Nevada (HR:1.17; 95% CI:1.08–1.27). Many patients did not receive stage-appropriate treatment, although this only partly explained the poor survival, uniformly low for every race/ethnicity in Nevada. The observed disparity for this one state within a single nation merits public health attention; regardless of the state or region of residence, all Americans deserve equal opportunity for optimum health outcomes in the face of a cancer diagnosis. The current study provides baseline information critical to clinicians, public health professionals, and all relevant stakeholders as they attempt to discern why Nevada’s outcomes are vastly divergent from its neighboring Western states and make plans for remediation