Calculated concrete target damage by multiple rod impact and penetration

The effect of enhanced crater formation has been demonstrated experimentally when multiple and delayed shaped charge jets impact and penetrate concrete. The concept for enhancement utilizes a single follow-on jet at the centerline of holes produced by multiple precursor jets penetrating the surrounding the region. Calculations of the 3D crater enhancement phenomena have been conducted with multiple rods to simulate the steady state portion of the multiple jet penetration process. It is expected that this analysis methodology will be beneficial for optimization of the multiple jet crater enhancement application. We present calculated results using ALE3D where the model uses the standard Gruneisen equation of state combined with a rate dependent strength model including material damage parameters. This study focuses on the concrete material damage model as a representation of the portion of the target that would eventually be ejected creating a large bore-hole. The calculations are compared with the experimental evidence and limitations of the modeling approach are discussed

Neutral-beam performance analysis using a CCD camera

We have developed an optical diagnostic system suitable for characterizing the performance of energetic neutral beams. An absolutely calibrated CCD video camera is used to view the neutral beam as it passes through a relatively high pressure (10/sup -5/ Torr) region outside the neutralizer: collisional excitation of the fast deuterium atoms produces H/sub proportional to/ emission (lambda = 6561A) that is proportional to the local atomic current density, independent of the species mix of accelerated ions over the energy range 5 to 20 keV. Digital processing of the video signal provides profile and aiming information for beam optimization. 6 refs., 3 figs

High current source of He −

A negative helium ion beam of 70 mA at 10.5 kV has been produced by charge exchange in sodium. The production is studied as a function of sodium line density, beam energy and background helium gas density. The characteristics of this high current He{sup -} source are analyzed to determine the design requirements for He{sup -} beam generation in the range of tens to hundred of milliamperes

High‐current D −

A beam of D{sup -} ions has been produced at 7-13 keV, with currents up to 2.2 {angstrom}, using charge exchange in sodium vapor. The beam profile is bi-Gaussian with angular divergence 0.7{sup o} x 2.8{sup o} and peak current density 15 mA/cm{sup 2}. The characteristics of the beam are in excellent agreement with predictions based on atomic cross sections. The sodium vapor target is formed by a jet directed across the beam. The sodium density drops rapidly in the beamline downstream from the charge exchange region, decreasing three orders of magnitude in 15 cm. Measurement and analysis of the plasma accompanying the beam demonstrate that plasma densities nearly equal to the beam density are obtained 1 m from the charge exchange medium. The plasma produced in the sodium is thus well confined to the charge exchange region and does not propagate along the beam

Voltage breakdown limits at a high material temperature for rapid pulse heating in a vacuum

The proposed Advanced Hydro Facility (AHF) is required to produce multi-pulse radiographs. Electron beam pulse machines with sub-microsecond repetition are not yet available to test the problem of electron beam propagation through the hydro-dynamically expanding plasma from the nearby previously heated target material. A proposed test scenario includes an ohmically heated small volume of target material simulating the electron beam heating, along with an actual electron beam pulse impinging on nearby target material. A pulse power heating circuit was tested to evaluate the limits of pulse heating a small volume of material to tens of kilo-joules per gram. The main pulse heating time (50 to 100 ns) was to simulate the electron beam heating of a converter target material. To avoid skin heating non-uniformity a longer time scale pulse of a few microseconds first heats the target material to a few thousand degrees near the liquid to vapor transition. Under this state the maximum electric field that the current carrying conductor can support is the important parameter for insuring that the 100 ns heating pulse can deposit sufficient power. A small pulse power system was built for tests of this limit. Under cold conditions the vacuum electric field hold-off limit has been quoted as high as many tens of kilovolts per centimeter. The tests for these experiments found that the vacuum electric field hold-off was limited to a few kilovolts per centimeter when the material approached melting temperatures. Therefore the proposed test scenario for AHF was not achievable.

Report on the engineering test of the LBL 30 second neutral beam source for the MFTF-B project

Positive ion based neutral beam development in the US has centered on the long pulse, Advanced Positive Ion Source (APIS). APIS eventually focused on development of 30 second sources for MFTF-B. The Engineering Test was part of competitive testing of the LBL and ORNL long pulse sources carried out for the MFTF-B Project. The test consisted of 500 beam shots with 80 kV, 30 second deuterium, and was carried out on the Neutral Beam Engineering Test Facility (NBETF). This report summarizes the results of LBL testing, in which the LBL APIS demonstrated that it would meet the requirements for MFTF-B 30 second sources. In part as a result of this test, the LBL design was found to be suitable as the baseline for a Common Long Pulse Source design for MFTF-B, TFTR, and Doublet Upgrade

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON TRAPPING A GUN PLASMA IN TORMAC P-l

A start-up scheme for producing a plasma in the biscusp field configuration of TORMAC which involves the radial injection and trapping of a toroidal gun plasma is described. The peloidal field of the external cusp coils acts as a barrier to the outward travel of the plasma ring. Interferometry and magnetic probe measurements observed the stopping of the expanding plasma ring which has a velocity of 17 cm/{micro}sec. Once stopped, the fields are arranged to hold the plasma in a magnetic well. Interferometry measurements observed a well defined outer boundary remaining stationary during the 20 {micro}sec of the measurement. The inner boundary was also in evidence as shown particularly by the particle flux distribution emanating from the cusp region. The indications are that a sheath exists having a width of 1 to 1.5 ion gyro radii in the poloidial field. Measurements of Thomson and interferometry give a T{sub e} of 15eV, a 15 {micro}sec density decay time, and a 5 {micro}sec energy decay time. These results show that this injection and trapping method is successful, and thus a higher gun plasma energy combined with a flux conserving barrier may lead to higher temperatures for testing containment in TORMAC

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON TRAPPING A GUN PLASMA IN A TOROIDAL MAGNETIC CUSP EXPERIMENT

A start-up method for producing a plasma in the bi-cusp field configuration of a toroidal magnetic cusp (TORMAC) is described. The method uses the radial injection and trapping of a toroidal gun plasma. Measurements of an injected plasma with a velocity of 17 {micro}sec{sup -1} and 4.5 x 10{sup 18} particles is presented. The plasma was observed to be stopped and trapped in an equilibrium position. A well-defined outer boundary remained stationary for 20 {micro}sec. Particle flux distribution emanating from the cusp field lines defined a sheath having a width of 1-1.5 ion gyroradii in the poloidial field. This translates to a narrow outer boundary and a broad inner boundary based on the gradient of the poloidial field at the two radial positions. Measurements of Thomson scattering and interferometry give a T{sub e} of 15eV, a 15 {micro}sec density decay time, and a 5 {micro}sec energy decay time. These results show that this injection and trapping method is successful, and thus a higher gun plasma energy combined with a flux conserving barrier may lead to higher temperatures for testing containment in TORMAC

High Current Source of He Ions

A negative helium ion beam of 70 mA at 10.5 kV has been produced by charge exchange in sodium. The production is studied as a function of sodium line density, beam energy and background helium gas density. The characteristics of this high current He{sup -} source are analyzed to determine the design requirements for He{sup -} beam generation in the range of tens to hundred of milliamperes

Development of rf plasma generators for neutral beams

The development of low frequency (1-2 MHz) rf plasma generators for high power neutral beam applications is summarized. Immersed couplers from one to three turns were used. Acceptable plasma profiles, less than or equal to 15% max/min, were obtained in a variety of field-free magnetic bucket and magnetic filter-bucket sources, with 10 x 10 cm or 10 x 40 cm extraction areas. Hydrogen beam properties were measured with a 7 x 10 cm accelerator operated at 80 kV. Atomic fraction and power efficiency were at least as high as with arc plasmas in similar chambers. The potential advantages of an rf plasma source are: ease of operation; reliability; and extended service lifetime