102 research outputs found

    Determinants of Physicians' Decisions to Specialize

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    In this paper, we study specialty physician decisions using several unique data sets which include information on almost all Canadian physicians who practiced in Canada between 1989 and 1998. Unlike previous studies, we use a truly exogenous measure of potential income across general and specialty medicine to estimate the effect of income on physicians' specialty choices. Furthermore, our estimation procedure allows us to purge the income-effect estimates of non-pecuniary specialty attributes which may be correlated with higher paying specialties. Understanding the effect of potential income (and other variables) on choices is necessary if the desired mix across generalists and specialists as well as across specialties is to be achieved. Our results show that physicians respond to differences in income when making their specialty decisions. More specifically, our simulation exercise suggests that provinces could increase the proportion of graduates who select a surgical specialty by increasing the fees they pay to them. Dans cette Ă©tude, nous analysons les dĂ©cisions de spĂ©cialisation des mĂ©decins Ă  l'aide de donnĂ©es portant sur la presque totalitĂ© des mĂ©decins canadiens en exercice au Canada entre 1989 et 1998. Contrairement Ă  la plupart des Ă©tudes existantes, nous utilisons une mesure du revenu potentiel des mĂ©decins, selon qu'ils soient gĂ©nĂ©ralistes ou spĂ©cialistes, qui est vĂ©ritablement exogĂšne afin d'estimer l'effet du revenu sur les choix de spĂ©cialisation. De plus, notre procĂ©dure d'estimation nous permet de tenir compte des effets non pĂ©cuniers liĂ©s Ă  certaines spĂ©cialitĂ©s mĂ©dicales (prestige, recherche scientifique, etc.) qui pourraient ĂȘtre corrĂ©lĂ©s avec les salaires. Nos rĂ©sultats montrent que les mĂ©decins rĂ©agissent de maniĂšre significative au revenu potentiel au moment de choisir une spĂ©cialitĂ© mĂ©dicale. En particulier, nos simulations rĂ©vĂšlent que les provinces seraient en mesure d'accroĂźtre la proportion de diplĂŽmĂ©s en mĂ©decine choisissant une spĂ©cialitĂ© chirurgicale si elles augmentaient les tarifs pour les actes chirurgicaux. MalgrĂ© une croissance importante des budgets consacrĂ©s au systĂšme de santĂ©, on entend toujours parler de listes d'attentes et de pĂ©nuries de mĂ©decins, qu'ils soient en pratique gĂ©nĂ©raliste ou spĂ©cialiste. Par consĂ©quent, mieux comprendre les dĂ©terminants des choix de spĂ©cialitĂ© des mĂ©decins est nĂ©cessaire si nous voulons, par l'entremise de politiques publiques, influencer ces choix. Certes les choix de spĂ©cialitĂ© pour les mĂ©decins sont des comportements qui peuvent ĂȘtre expliquĂ©s par plusieurs facteurs tels qu'institutionnels, individuels et Ă©galement par la diffĂ©rence de revenu potentiel entre les spĂ©cialitĂ©s. Cette question a fait l'objet de plusieurs Ă©tudes. On peut citer, Ă  titre d'exemple, les travaux de Sloan (1970), Hadley (1975, 1977, 1979), Hay (1980, 1981), Hurley (1991) et Nicholson (2003). En revanche, les rĂ©sultats de ces travaux sont probablement biaisĂ©s en raison de l'utilisation de revenu moyen pour la spĂ©cialitĂ© comme revenu potentiel pour le mĂ©decin lors de son choix de spĂ©cialitĂ©. Autrement dit, ces travaux considĂšrent que les mĂ©decins sont identiques en termes d'effort, de productivitĂ© et du nombre d'heures travaillĂ©es. Dans la prĂ©sente Ă©tude, nous cherchons Ă  expliquer le choix de spĂ©cialitĂ© pour les mĂ©decins. Pour ce faire, nous avons considĂ©rĂ© des donnĂ©es relatives Ă  la majoritĂ© des mĂ©decins, et cela pour la pĂ©riode 1989-1998. Comme la rĂ©munĂ©ration dans le systĂšme canadien se fait Ă  l'acte et puisque cette derniĂšre ne varie pas entre les mĂ©decins de la mĂȘme spĂ©cialitĂ©-province-annĂ©e, elle reprĂ©sente la mesure idĂ©ale du revenu potentiel de la spĂ©cialitĂ©. Il est Ă  noter que pour certaines spĂ©cialitĂ©s, des avantages en nature peuvent ĂȘtre attribuĂ©s. De ce fait, le recours au revenu potentiel comme seul dĂ©terminant de la spĂ©cialisation peut gĂ©nĂ©rer des rĂ©sultats biaisĂ©s. Pour palier Ă  ce problĂšme, nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© un modĂšle Ă  deux-Ă©tapes qui nous permet d'inclure et de contrĂŽler des caractĂ©ristiques observables et non observables spĂ©cifiques au marchĂ© des mĂ©decins. La principale conclusion que nous tirons de cette analyse est que les mĂ©decins tiennent compte de la diffĂ©rence de revenu potentiel lorsqu'ils dĂ©cident de se spĂ©cialiser. Les provinces pourraient donc, par exemple, augmenter le paiement des chirurgiens pour promouvoir cette spĂ©cialitĂ©.Physician Specialty Choice, Choix de spĂ©cialisation des mĂ©decins

    Self-Selection in Migration and Returns to Skills

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    Several papers have tested the empirical validity of the migration models proposed by Borjas (1987) and Borjas, Bronars, and Trejo (1992). However, to our knowledges, none has been able to disentangle the separate impact of observable and unobservable individual characteristics, and their respective returns across different locations, on an individual's decision to migrate. We build a model in which individuals sort, in part, on potential earnings - where earnings across different locations are a function of both observable and unobservable characteristics. We focus on the inter-provincial migration patterns of Canadian physicians. We choose this particular group for several reasons including the fact that they are paid on a fee-for-service basis. Since wage rates are exogenous, earning differentials are driven by differences in productivity. We then estimate a mixed conditional-logit model to determine the effects of individual and destination-specific characteristics (particularly earnings differentials) on physician location decisions. We find, among other things, that high-productivity physicians (based on unobservables) are more likely to migrate to provinces where the productivity premium is greater, while low-productivity physicians are more likely to migrate to areas where the productivity premium is lower. These results are consistent with a modified Borjas model of self-selection in migration based on both unobservables and observables.Migration, Self-Selection, Earnings, Longitudinal Data, Productivity

    Information Asymmetry, Insurance, and the Decision to Hospitalize

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    In a theoretical model, we analyze the effects of various kinds of demand- and supply-side incentives in the context of a model in which patients and doctors must decide not only on an aggregate quantity of health services to use in treating various kinds of illness, but also have a choice between different kinds of providers (in particular, outpatient services rendered by primary-care physicians or inpatient services provided by hospital-based specialists). We present two broad models, the traditional fee-for-service payment scheme and a managed care setup where physicians are paid via capitation, and analyze them both with and without information asymmetry. We find that under certain plausible conditions, second-best optimal managed care plans may dominate second-best optimal conventional plans that rely on cost control through demand-side cost sharing. À l'aide d'un modĂšle thĂ©orique dans lequel patients et mĂ©decins doivent choisir la quantitĂ© de service Ă  utiliser ainsi que celui, de l'omnipraticien ou du spĂ©cialiste uvrant Ă  l'hĂŽpital, qui fournira ces services, nous analysons diffĂ©rents mĂ©canismes d'incitation agissant sur l'offre et la demande. Nous Ă©tudions essentiellement deux modes d'organisation : le systĂšme conventionnel de rĂ©munĂ©ration Ă  l'acte et le systĂšme de gestion intĂ©grĂ©e des soins avec une rĂ©munĂ©ration per capita; Ă  la fois en prĂ©sence et en l'absence d'asymĂ©trie d'information. Nous obtenons comme rĂ©sultat qu'Ă  certaines conditions plausibles, l'optimum de second-rang auquel mĂšne le systĂšme de gestion intĂ©grĂ©e est supĂ©rieur Ă  celui que donne le systĂšme conventionnel de rĂ©munĂ©ration Ă  l'acte qui rĂ©percute une partie des coĂ»ts sur l'utilisateur.Primary Care, Specialty Care, Hospitalization, Insurance, HMOs, Capitation, Asymmetric Information, Omnipraticiens, SpĂ©cialistes, Hospitalisation, Assurance, Paiements Ă  l'acte et per capita, AsymĂ©trie d'information

    Information Asymmetry, Insurance, and the Decision to Hospitalize

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    We analyze the effects of various kinds of demand- and supply-side incentives in the context of a model in which patients and doctors must decide not only on an aggregate quantity of health services to use in treating various kinds of illness, but also have a choice between different kinds of providers (in particular, outpatient services rendered by primary-care physicians or inpatient services provided by hospital-based specialists). We consider well -informed patients’ choices of provider when they have conventional insurance so they only pay part of the cost of their health services, as well as the equilibrium strategies of doctors and patients when there is patient-provider asymmetry; in the latter case we also analyze a managed-care insurance setup under which doctors are paid by capitation. We find that under certain plausible conditions, second-best optimal managed-care plans dominate second -best optimal conventional plans that rely on cost control through demand-side cost sharing.Primary Care, Specialty Care, Hospitalization, Insurance, HMOs, Capitation, Asymmetric Information.

    Firm-Sponsored Classroom Training: Is It Worth It for Older Workers?

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    We use longitudinal linked employer-employee data and find that the probability of participating in firm-sponsored classroom training diminishes rapidly for workers aged 45 years and older. Although the standard human capital investment model predicts such a decline, we also consider the possibility that returns to training decline with age. Taking into account endogenous training decisions, we find that the training wage premium diminishes only slightly with age. However, estimates of the impact of training on productivity decrease dramatically with age, suggesting that incentives for firms to invest in classroom training are much lower for older workers.wages, productivity, linked employer-employee data, aging, firm-sponsored classroom training

    Self-selection in migration and returns to unobservable skills

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    Several papers have tested the empirical validity of the migration models proposed by Borjas (1987) and Borjas, Bronars, and Trejo (1992). However, to our knowledge, none has been able to disentangle the separate impact of observable and unobservable individual characteristics, and their respective returns across different locations, on an individual's decision to migrate. We build a model in which individuals sort, in part, on potential earnings - where earnings across different locations are a function of both observable and unobservable characteristics. We focus on the inter-provincial migration patterns of Canadian physicians. We choose this particular group for several reasons including the fact that they are paid on a fee-for-service basis. Since wage rates are exogenous, earning differentials are driven by differences in productivity. We then estimate a mixed conditional-logit model to determine the effects of individual and destination-specific characteristics (particularly earnings differentials) on physician location decisions. We find, among other things, that high-productivity physicians (based on unobservables) are more likely to migrate to provinces where the productivity premium is greater, while low-productivity physicians are more likely to migrate to areas where the productivity premium is lower. These results are consistent with a modified Borjas model of self-selection in migration based on both unobservables and observables.Migration, self-selection, earnings, longitudinal data, productivity.

    Inflation as a Strategic Response

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    In this paper, we examine the effect of increases in health care costs and general inflation on optimal insurance policies and waste in a model of imperfect information with costly auditing. We show that in such a setting, individuals will buy more than full insurance. Moreover, as the cost of medical increases, consumers (i.e., patients) reduce their probability of filing injustified claims, at the same time as insurance providers audit with lower probability. As a result, waste associated with costly auditing is reduced. We also show that a general increase in the opportunity cost of illness (reflected through lost wages due to illness) also decreases the likelihood of false claims, of auditing and thus of waste, but not as much as health care costs increase. Nous Ă©tudions dans ce document de recherche l'impact d'une augmentation des coĂ»ts des soins de santĂ© et de l'inflation en gĂ©nĂ©ral sur le contrat optimal d'assurance mĂ©dicale et sur le gaspillage dans une Ă©conomie oĂč les agents-consommateurs possĂšdent une information privilĂ©giĂ©e et oĂč le principal-assureur doit encourir des coĂ»ts d'audit pour vĂ©rifier l'information des agents. Nous montrons dans cet article que les agents seront plus que pleinement assurĂ©s au sens oĂč l'indemnitĂ© reçue est plus grande que la perte encourue. De plus, au fur et Ă  mesure que le coĂ»t des soins de santĂ© augmente, les agents rĂ©duisent leur probabilitĂ© de demander des soins de santĂ© injustifiĂ©s, alors que le principal rĂ©duit sa probabilitĂ© d'audit. En consĂ©quence, le gaspillage associĂ© aux audits onĂ©reux diminue. Nous montrons finalement qu'une augmentation dans le coĂ»t de la vie en gĂ©nĂ©ral (que nous approximons par une augmentation des pertes de salaire encourues Ă  cause de la maladie) rĂ©duit Ă©galement le gaspillage associĂ© aux audits,0501s dans une mesure moindre qu'une augmentation du coĂ»t des soins de santĂ©.Health care fraud, asymmetric information, contract theory, Fraude mĂ©dicale, information asymĂ©trique, thĂ©orie des contrats

    Physicians self selection of a payment mechanism: Capitation versus fee-for-service

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    The main question raised in this paper is whether GPs should self select their paymentmechanism or not. To answer it, we model GPs' behavior under the most commonpayment schemes (capitation and fee-for-service) and when GPs can select one amongthose. Our analysis considers GPs heterogeneity in terms of both ability and sense ofprofessional duty. We conclude that when savings on specialists costs are the mainconcern of a regulator, GPs should be paid on a fee-for-service basis. Instead, whenfailures to identify severe conditions are the main concern, then payment self selection byGPs can be optimal.GPs; gatekeeping; payment scheme; self selection; ability; professional duty

    Provider Competition in a Dynamic Setting

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    In this paper, we examine provider and patient behaviour where effort is non-contractible and where competition between providers is modeled in an explicit way. More specifically, we construct a model where physicians repeatedly compete for patients and where patients’ outside options are solved for in equilibrium. In our model, physicians are characterized by an individual-specific ethical constraint which allows for unobserved heterogeneity in the physicians market. By doing so, we introduce uncertainty in the patient’s likely treatment if he were in fact to leave his current physician to seek care elsewhere. We find that competition between providers may serve as an important incentive for physicians in treating their patients with desired levels of care.Physician Payment Mechanisms, Physician heterogeneity, Competition, Information Asymmetry, Insurance.

    Une analyse des dĂ©terminants de l’incidence et de l’intensitĂ© de la formation des travailleurs quĂ©bĂ©cois selon l’ñge et comparaison avec l’Ontario

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    In this report, we examine whether the proportion of workers who receive training (and whether the training duration) varies with age in Quebec and Ontario using data from the Workplace and Employee Survey from 1999-2004. In general, we find that the probability that a worker receives training begins to fall significantly at the age 55 and this for both classroom and on-the-job training. For example, for both types of training, the probability that a worker between the ages of 55 and 59 receives training is 9 percentage points lower than that of a worker between the ages of 35 and 44. For a worker aged between 60 and 64, the differential is 19.6 percentage points. We obtain similar results when studying the duration of training. At the provincial level, we find that the incidence of classroom training decreases faster with age in QuĂ©bec than in Ontario. Ce rapport de recherche examine si les proportions de travailleurs quĂ©bĂ©cois et ontarien qui reçoivent de la formation ,et la durĂ©e de ces formations, varient selon l'Ăąge avec les donnĂ©es de l'EnquĂȘte sur le milieu de travail et les employĂ©s 1999-2004. De façon gĂ©nĂ©rale, les rĂ©sultats montrent alors que la probabilitĂ© de recevoir de la formation commence Ă  diminuer de façon significative Ă  partir de 55 ans tant pour la formation en classe que la formation en cours d'emploi. Par exemple, pour toute formation confondue, la probabilitĂ© de recevoir de la formation pour les travailleurs ĂągĂ©s entre 55 et 59 ans diminue de 9 points de pourcentage par rapport au groupe de rĂ©fĂ©rence (35 Ă  44 ans), alors que cette probabilitĂ© chute de 19,6 points de pourcentage chez les travailleurs ĂągĂ©s entre 60 et 64 ans. Nous arrivons Ă  un constat similaire lorsque nous Ă©tudions la durĂ©e de la formation (conditionnellement au fait de suivre une formation). Au niveau provincial, nous trouvons que l'incidence de la formation en classe avec l'Ăąge diminue plus rapidement au QuĂ©bec qu'en Ontario.Firm-sponsored training, Aging, Ontario, QuĂ©bec, Formation parrainĂ©e par l'employeur, vieillissement, Ontario, QuĂ©bec
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