Building the Minimum Wage: Germany's First Sectoral Minimum Wage and Its Impact on Wages in the Construction Industry

The very first minimum wage in Germany was introduced in 1997 for blue-collar workers in sub-sectors of the construction industry. In the setting of a natural experiment blue-collar workers in neighboring 4-digit-industries and white-collar workers are used as control groups for differences-in-differences-in-differences estimation based on linked employer-employee data. Estimation results reveal a sizable positive average impact on wages in East Germany and no effect in West Germany. Size and significance of effects are not homogeneous across wage regimes (individual vs. collective contracts) and across the distribution suggesting spillover effects to wages where the minimum is not binding.Minimum wage, construction sector, linked employer-employee data, differences-in-differences-in-differences, unconditional quantile regression

Building the minimum wage: Germany's first sectoral minimum wage and its impact on wages in the construction industry

The very first minimum wage in Germany was introduced in 1997 for blue-collar workers in sub-sectors of the construction industry. In the setting of a natural experiment blue-collar workers in neighboring 4-digit-industries and white-collar workers are used as control groups for differences-in-differences-in-differences estimation based on linked employer-employee data. Estimation results reveal a sizable positive average impact on wages in East Germany and no effect in West Germany. Size and significance of effects are not homogeneous across wage regimes (individual vs. collective contracts) and across the distribution suggesting spillover effects to wages where the minimum is not binding

Building the Minimum Wage in Germany - Germany's First Sectoral Minimum Wage and its Impact on Wages in the Construction Industry

This study analyzes the impact of the introduction of the first sectoral minimum wage in 1997 in the German construction sector on hourly wages and their distribution. The minimum wage was introduced only in certain sub-sectors of the industry and just blue-collar workers were eligible. In the setting of a natural experiment neighboring 4-digit-industries and white-collar workers are used as control groups for differences-in-differences(-in-differences) estimation based on two cross sections of a linked employer-employee data set (GLS) that covers establishments with 10 or more employees. Descriptive evidence and estimation results show that the minimum wage did not bite in West Germany but that there was a considerable impact in East Germany. Eligible workers experienced an wage increase of 15.5%. (Un)conditional quantile regressions for the group of East German non-unionized blue-collar workers in 2001 moreover reveal that the wage distribution in the covered industry is more compressed after the minimum wage introduction. Compared to a quite stable premium in 1995 the lower quartile exhibits a premium between 16% and 10% in 2001

Sharing the burden: Empirical evidence on corporate tax incidence

This study assesses the burden of capital income tax passed onto labor through wage bargaining over economic rents, using estimations based on a unique pseudo-panel data set from Germany for the period 1998 to 2006. Tax return data cover the universe of corporations subject to corporate income tax, and labor market variables reflect the full record of employees covered by Social Security. We find that wage bargaining after a reduction in tax rates does not increase the wage bill if employment effects neglected by previous empirical studies are taken into account. Any increase in the total wage bill by higher wage rates set is equally compensated for by lower levels of employment. If adjustments in employment due to the increased user cost of capital are taken into account, a cut in corporate income taxes by 1 euro increases the wage bill by 0.47 euro. The identification of these effects comes from variation in the firm-specific average corporate tax rate across firms and over time resulting from two substantial tax reforms. The endogeneity of the firmspecific tax rate is controlled for by an instrumental variable approach. The instrument for the observed average tax rate is the counterfactual tax rate that a corporation would have faced in a particular period, had there been no endogenous change of its tax base, constructed using a detailed microsimulation model. --tax incidence,wage determination,corporate income taxation,corporate tax return data

empirical evidence on corporate tax incidence

This study assesses the burden of capital income tax passed onto labor through wage bargaining over economic rents, using estimations based on a unique pseudo-panel data set from Germany for the period 1998 to 2006. Tax return data cover the universe of corporations subject to corporate income tax, and labor market variables reflect the full record of employees covered by Social Security. We find that wage bargaining after a reduction in tax rates does not increase the wage bill if employment effects neglected by previous empirical studies are taken into account. Any increase in the total wage bill by higher wage rates set is equally compensated for by lower levels of employment. If adjustments in employment due to the increased user cost of capital are taken into account, a cut in corporate income taxes by 1 euro increases the wage bill by 0.47 euro. The identification of these effects comes from variation in the firm-specific average corporate tax rate across firms and over time resulting from two substantial tax reforms. The endogeneity of the firmspecific tax rate is controlled for by an instrumental variable approach. The instrument for the observed average tax rate is the counterfactual tax rate that a corporation would have faced in a particular period, had there been no endogenous change of its tax base, constructed using a detailed microsimulation model

Sharing the burden? Empirical evidence on corporate tax incidence

This study empirically investigates the direct incidence of the corporate income tax through wage bargaining, using an industry-region level panel data set on all corporations in Germany over the period 1998 to 2006. Our measure of direct incidence for the first time accounts for employment effects which result from tax induced wage changes. Workers share in reductions of the CIT burden; yet, direct incidence is small and confined to 0.19 0.29. Thus, the net effect of wage bargaining on the corporate wage bill, after an exogenous 1 decrease in the CIT burden, is as little as 19 to 29 cents. This is about half of the effect obtained in prior literature under the assumption that employment remained constant. A focus on wages alone leads to an overestimation of direct tax incidence

Mindestlohnregelungen im Maler- und Lackiererhandwerk: Eine Wirkungsanalyse

Die Einführung des Mindestlohns im deutschen Maler- und Lackiererhandwerk im Jahr 2003 wird als natürliches Experiment genutzt, um die Effekte von Mindestlöhnen auf Löhne und Beschäftigung zu untersuchen. Wir finden einen signifikant positiven Effekt auf den durchschnittlichen Stundenlohn der gelernten Beschäftigten in Ostdeutschland, nicht aber in Westdeutschland und nicht für ungelernte Arbeitskräfte. Dieser Befund entspricht der unterschiedlichen Eingriffsintensität der Mindestlöhne. Signifikant positive oder negative Beschäftigungseffekte werden nicht gefunden. Neuere Befragungsergebnisse deuten auf die fortbestehende Relevanz des Mindestlohns in Ostdeutschland hin

Quantifying the Impacts of Expanding Social Protection on Efficiency and Equity : Evidence from a Behavioral Microsimulation Model for Ghana

Peer reviewe

A role for universal pension? Simulating universal pensions in Ecuador, Ghana, Tanzania, and South Africa

We use four novel, cross-country comparable tax-benefit microsimulation models for Ecuador, Ghana, Tanzania, and South Africa to evaluate ex ante the expansion of a universal old-age pension in a static setting. Universal pensions would significantly reduce poverty and inequality in settings in which no means-tested old-age pensions exist (such as Ghana and Tanzania). If means-tested old-age pensions exist and shall be maintained, universal pensions as a top-up scheme only make a difference for the income distribution if the existing schemes do not reach the entire vulnerable population, such as in Ecuador. Costs for the proposed schemes are substantial.</p

Turning the switch: An evaluation of the minimum wage in the German electrical trade using repeated natural experiments

The introduction, abolition and subsequent re-introduction of the minimum wage in the German electrical trade gave rise to series of natural experiments, which are used to study minimum wage effects. We find similar impacts in all three cases on wages, employment and the receipt of public welfare benefits. Average wages are raised by the minimum wage in East Germany, but there is almost no evidence for employment effects. The results also show that the wage effect is quickly undone after the abolition of the minimum wage