Dynamic of the Accelerated Expansion of the Universe in the DGP Model

According to experimental data of SNe Ia (Supernovae type Ia), we will discuss in detial dynamics of the DGP model and introduce a simple parametrization of matter $\omega$, in order to analyze scenarios of the expanding universe and the evolution of the scale factor. We find that the dimensionless matter density parameter at the present epoch $\Omega^0_m=0.3$, the age of the universe $t_0= 12.48$ Gyr, $\frac{a}{a_0}=-2.4e^{\frac{-t}{25.56}}+2.45$. The next we study the linear growth of matter perturbations, and we assume a definition of the growth rate, $f \equiv \frac{dln\delta}{dlna}$. As many authors for many years, we have been using a good approximation to the growth rate $f \approx \Omega^{\gamma(z)}_m$, we also find that the best fit of the growth index, $\gamma(z)\approx 0.687 - \frac{40.67}{1 + e^{1.7. (4.48 + z)}}$, or $\gamma(z)= 0.667 + 0.033z$ when $z\ll1$. We also compare the age of the universe and the growth index with other models and experimental data. We can see that the DGP model describes the cosmic acceleration as well as other models that usually refers to dark energy and Cold Dark Matter (CDM)

Electroweak phase transition in the economical 3-3-1 model

We consider the EWPT in the economical 3-3-1 (E331) model. Our analysis shows that the EWPT in the model is a sequence of two first-order phase transitions, $SU(3) \rightarrow SU(2)$ at the TeV scale and $SU(2) \rightarrow U(1)$ at the $100$ GeV scale. The EWPT $SU(3) \rightarrow SU(2)$ is triggered by the new bosons and the exotic quarks; its strength is about $1 - 13$ if the mass ranges of these new particles are $10^2 \,\mathrm{GeV} - 10^3 \,\mathrm{GeV}$. The EWPT $SU(2) \rightarrow U(1)$ is strengthened by only the new bosons; its strength is about $1 - 1.15$ if the mass parts of $H^0_1$, $H^\pm_2$ and $Y^\pm$ are in the ranges $10 \,\mathrm{GeV} - 10^2 \,\mathrm{GeV}$. The contributions of $H^0_1$ and $H^{\pm}_2$ to the strengths of both EWPTs may make them sufficiently strong to provide large deviations from thermal equilibrium and B violation necessary for baryogenesis.Comment: 17 pages, 9 figure

Constraint on the Higgs-Dilaton potential via Warm inflation in Two-Time Physics

Within the $SP(2,R)$ symmetry, the Two-time model (2T model) has six dimensions with two dimensions of time and the dilaton field that can be identified as inflaton in a warm inflation scenario with potential of the form $\sim\phi^4$. From that consideration, we derive the range of parameters for the Higgs-Dilaton potential, the coupling constant between Higgs and Dialton ($\alpha$) is lager than $1.598$ or smaller than $2.13\times 10^{-7}$ when the mass of Dilaton is lager than $200$ GeV. Therefore, the 2T-model indirectly suggests that extra-dimension can also be a source of inflation.Comment: 11 pages and 2 figure

Dilaton in Two-Time Physics as trigger of electroweak phase transition and inflation

Within the SP(2, R) symmetry, the Two-time model (2T model) has six dimension with two time dimensions. The model has a dilaton particle that makes the symmetry breaking differently from the Standard Model. By reducing the 2T metric to the Minkowski one (1T metric), we consider the electroweak phase transition picture in the 2T model with the dilaton as the trigger. Our analysis shows that Electro-weak Phase Transition (EWPT) is a first-order phase transition at the $200$ GeV scale, its strength is about $1 - 3.08$ and the mass of dilaton is in interval $[345, 625]$ GeV. Furthermore, the metric of 2T model can be reduced to the Randall-Sundrum model, so the dilaton acts as inflaton with the slow-roll approximation. Therefore the 2T-model indirectly suggests that extra-dimension can be also a source of EWPT and inflation. The EWPT problem can be used to determine scale parameters that refer to relationships between two metrics.Comment: 25 pages, 2 figure

Dynamics of Electroweak Phase Transition in the 3-3-1-1 Model

The bubble nucleation in the framework of 3-3-1-1 model is studied. Previous studies show that first order electroweak phase transition occurs in two periods. In this paper we evaluate the bubble nucleation temperature throughout the parameter space. Using the stringent condition for bubble nucleation formation we find that in the first period, symmetry breaking from $SU(3)\rightarrow SU(2)$, the bubble is formed at the nucleation temperature $T=150$ GeV and the lower bound of the scalar mass is 600 GeV. In the second period, symmetry breaking from $(SU(2)\rightarrow U(1)$, only subcritical bubbles are formed. This constraint eliminates the electroweak baryon genesis in the second period of the model