Land Transactions in the North of Vietnam: A Modelling Approach

The use of mathematical models to describe the interactions of variables is useful in modern management. In this paper, a 'mixed' model combining the knapsack problem, a household model and a form of spatial equilibrium model into a modelling framework is developed. The impacts of changes in off-farm wage rates, transaction costs in the rental market, the output prices of paddy crops, and land transactions were examined in the model. The simulation has led to the conclusion that the real benefits to farm households from land consolidation may not be apparent until the real opportunity cost of farm labour begins to rise. In addition, a reform policy in the administrative sector which encourages, not only the process of land accumulation and the rental market to be more active, but also farmers to involve themselves more actively in farming will improve their well-being. Moreover, a policy which allows farmers to freely cultivate other annual crops (cash crops) instead of rice and corn may be important and it should be considered in the future.Land transactions, modelling, knapsack problem, Vietnam, Land Economics/Use, C6, Q15, Q24,

The economics of land fragmentation in the north of Vietnam

Land fragmentation, where a single farm has a number of parcels of land, is a common feature of agriculture in many countries, especially in developing countries. In Vietnam, land fragmentation is common, especially in the north. For the whole country, there are about 75 million parcels of land, an average of seven to eight plots per farm household. Such fragmentation can be seen to have negative and positive benefits for farm households and the community generally. Comparative statics analysis and analysis of survey data have led to the conclusion that small-sized farms are likely to be more fragmented, and that fragmentation had a negative impact on crop productivity and increased family labour use and other money expenses. Policies which allow the appropriate opportunity cost of labour to be reflected at the farm level may provide appropriate incentives to trigger farm size change and land consolidation. Policies which tip the benefits in favour of fewer and larger plots, such as strong and effective research and development, an active extension system and strong administrative management, may also lead to land consolidation.development economics, land fragmentation, land use and tenure, production economics, Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

The economics of land fragmentation in the north of Vietnam

Land fragmentation, in which a single farm household operates more than one separate piece of land, is significant issue in Vietnamese agriculture, especially in the North. For the whole country, there are about 75 million plots of land, an average of 7-8 plots per farm household. Such fragmentation can be seen to have negative and positive benefits for farm households and the community generally. The negative impacts can be reduced mechanisation, higher cost, loss of land due to boundaries, increased negative externalities, and more limited application of new technologies. On the other hand, land fragmentation may have some benefits to farmers such as spreading output risk, seasonal labour use, and crop diversification. Comparative static analysis and analysis of survey data have led to the conclusion that small sized farms are likely to be more fragmented and the number of plots held by a household is not a significant determinant of yield and output risk spreading but is a significant factor in crop diversification. Policies which allow the appropriate opportunity cost of labour to be reflected at the farm level may provide appropriate incentives to trigger farm size change and land consolidation. Policies which tip the benefits in favour of fewer and larger plots such as strong and effective research and development, an active extension system and strong administrative management may also lead to land consolidation and thus allow some of the benefits which will accrue to the economy more generally to be obtained by farmers.Land Economics/Use,

Embryonic and Larval Development and Effect of Salinity Levels on Egg and Ovary Performance in Rabbit Fish (Siganus guttatus)

In this study we investigated embryonic and larval development of rabbit fish (Siganus guttatus) in captivity. Embryonic development lasted 18-19 hours at 28-30oC, pH: 7.6-8.0, salinity: 30-32‰. Average total length of larvae at day 1 after hatching (DAH) was 1.58 mm, average yolk sac length was 0.35 mm containing one yolk ellipsoid (0.92±0.146 mm in length and 0.54±0.107 mm in width) in dorsal and lateral views. At day 2 (DAH) larval length increased to 2.16 mm, and pigmented eyes, mouth, and caudal-fin rays developed. Day 3 (DAH) larval length was 2.25 mm and the yolk was completely absorbed. Our findings provide fundamental information regarding seed larvae production of rabbit fish. In a further experiment we investigated the effect of salinity on gonad maturation, gonadosomatic index (GSI), egg biochemical composition and fecundities. Broodfish were cultured in three salinities, 25, 30, and 35‰ during reproductive season from February to July 2015. No statistically significant effects on gonadal development, fecundities, and egg quality in rabbit broodfish held in different salinities during the reproductive season were foun

ĐÁNH GIÁ NGUY CƠ THIỆT HẠI DO TRƯỢT LỞ ĐẤT GÂY RA Ở CÁC HUYỆN MIỀN NÚI TỈNH QUẢNG NGÃI

This work presents the initial results of the risk assessment of damage caused by landslides in the mountainous districts of Quang Ngai province.Map damage risk in mountainous districts of Quang Ngai province was built on the basis of integrated maps with landslide risk map disaster resilience of socio-economic objects with spatial analysis in GIS environment.Most mountainous areas of Quang Ngai risk level low and very low losses, accounting for 65.64 % of the area , high and very high levels accounted for only 15.08 % of the natural area . Son Ha District at risk of damage caused by the landslides highest in the study area, followed by Tra Bong district . District Son Tay risk of damage to a minimum.These areas are at risk of damage caused by the landslides at high and very high concern when planning resource utilization territory, sustainable development of socio-economic and environmental protection: the Tra Phong, Tra Lanh and Tra Quan (Tay Tra district), Tra Son, Tra Thuy and Tra Lam (Tra Bong district), Son Tan, Son Mua (Son Tay district), Di Lang, Son Bao, Son Thanh, Son Thuong and Son Ha (Son Ha district); Long Hiep and Thanh An (Minh Long district), Ba Vi , Ba Vi and Ba To town (Ba To district).ReferencesLê Mục Đích, 2001. Kinh nghiệm phòng tránh và kiểm soát tai biến địa chất”, Nxb. Xây Dựng, Hà Nội. (Dịch từ tiếng Trung Quốc).Phạm Văn Hùng, Nguyễn Văn Dũng, 2013. Cảnh báo nguy cơ trượt lở đất ở các huyện miền núi tỉnh Quảng Ngãi. Tạp chí Các Khoa học về Trái Đất, T.35, (2), tr.107-119.Guzzetti, F., A. Carrara, M. Cardinali, P. Reichenbach., 1999. “Landslide hazard evaluation: a review of current techniques and their application in a multi-scale study, Central Italy”, Geomorphology, vol. 31, no 1-4, p. 181-216.Saaty, Thomas L., 1994. Fundamentals of decision making and priority theory with analytic hierarchy process. Pittsburgh: RWS publications, 527p.Quy hoạch phát triển KT-XH tỉnh Quảng Ngãi đến năm 2020 (11/2010). UBND tỉnh Quảng Ngãi.Natural hazards Russia, V3, exogenous geological hazards, Crook, M, 2002.Natural hazards Russia, V3 Endogenous geological hazards, Crook, M, 2002.Natural hazards Russia, V6, Evaluation and management of natural risks, Crook, M, 2003.This work presents the initial results of the risk assessment of damage caused by landslides in the mountainousdistricts of Quang Ngai province.Map damage risk in mountainous districts of Quang Ngai province was built on the basis of integrated maps withlandslide risk map disaster resilience of socio-economic objects with spatial analysis in GIS environment.Most mountainous areas of Quang Ngai risk level low and very low losses , accounting for 65.64 % of the area , highand very high levels accounted for only 15.08 % of the natural area . Son Ha District at risk of damage caused by thelandslides highest in the study area, followed by Tra Bong district . District Son Tay risk of damage to a minimum.These areas are at risk of damage caused by the landslides at high and very high concern when planning resourceutilization territory, sustainable development of socio-economic and environmental protection: the Tra Phong, Tra Lanhand Tra Quan (Tay Tra district), Tra Son, Tra Thuy and Tra Lam (Tra Bong district), Son Tan, Son Mua (Son Taydistrict), Di Lang, Son Bao, Son Thanh, Son Thuong and Son Ha (Son Ha district); Long Hiep and Thanh An (Minh Longdistrict), Ba Vi , Ba Vi and Ba To town (Ba To district

Agricultural Development and Land Policy in Vietnam

International Development, Land Economics/Use,