The Evolution of Land Resources as a Production Factor

The aim of the article is to study the specifics of the evolution of land resources as a factor of production. It is proved that the main idea underlying modern approaches to the use of land resources is that economic subjects involved in the production process are guided by their own interests, which is caused by the maximization of utility of or profit from the available land plots. Thus, production decisions regarding allocation or use of land as a production factor are made in order to maximize profits, taking into account the state of technological development (society, industry), available resources, and government policies. Land resources throughout the entire existence of mankind have played a key role in the life of society, which is determined by national, social, economic, and natural features of the realization of the function of land as a natural object necessary for the functioning of all sectors of the economy, the main means of production and subject of labor in agriculture. The multifunctionality of land resources determines a significant number of theoretical and methodological approaches to their study. Investigating the evolution of land resources as a factor of production from the position of various economics allows distinguishing different views on this economic category. Systematizing the theoretical foundations of the evolution of land resources as a production factor in classical economics made it possible to identify the main theories of development of land relations

Agrarisation vs deagrarisation: strategic vector of rural areas development through the lens of transformational changes

Purpose. The goal of the study is to determine the transformational changes in agricultural households with different sizes of land plots, with an emphasis on their adaptation to market conditions, introduction of new technologies, and economic practices; to assess the impact of these processes on the socioeconomic and cultural potential of rural regions and formulate recommendations for the Ukrainian government to create favorable conditions for the balanced and sustainable development of rural areas. Methodology / approach. In the study, a systemic approach was used to analyse the agrarisation and deagrarisation of rural territories in Ukraine, which allows considering these processes as complex and interconnected phenomena. The basis of the research methodology was a set of classical and modern methods of economic analysis. For analysing the trends of rural household development and their role in the agricultural sector of the economy, methods of analysis and synthesis were used. The statistical analysis included the collection, processing, and interpretation of data concerning the agricultural activity of rural households, specifically their land areas and production activities. The application of comparative analysis made it possible to study the experience of other countries and assessing the possibilities of its adaptation under Ukrainian conditions. The study uses an integrated approach that combines both quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis. This ensured an in-depth investigation of the institutional, economic, and social aspects of the agrarisation and deagrarisation of rural territories. Results. The findings of the study underline the importance of distinguishing between two key processes in the development of rural areas in Ukraine: agrarisation and deagrarisation. It was established that households with an area of up to 0.5 hectares and from 0.5 to 1.0 hectare (78 % of all rural households) show a trend towards deagrarisation, manifested in abandoning agricultural activities and transitioning to non-farming occupations. On the other hand, households with an area of more than 1.01 hectares (22 % of all rural households) demonstrate active agricultural development, characterised by increasing numbers of cattle, pigs, and broiler chickens, implementation of new agricultural technologies, and diversification of activities through growing and selling fruits, vegetables, and seedlings. It was revealed that the majority of the heads of these active households are descendants of dekulakised peasant-farmers of the 1930s, suggesting the presence of a genetic memory among Ukrainian landowners. It is recommended that the Ukrainian government create favorable conditions for the development of rural households with an area of more than 1.01 hectares in order to foster economic growth and preserve the socio-cultural potential of rural areas. Originality / scientific novelty. The originality of the research lies in a comprehensive analysis of the transformational changes in rural areas of Ukraine, particularly in identifying the strategic vectors of rural development – agrarisation and deagrarisation. The scientific novelty of the work is manifested in determining the interrelations between the sizes of rural households, their choice of strategic direction agrarisation or deagrarisation), and the economic, social, and cultural factors influencing this direction. The results of the study contribute to a better understanding how historical memory and current market conditions shape the management strategies of rural households. This enables the authors of the article to put forward proposals on the formation of state policy aimed at ensuring the sustainable development of rural areas in Ukraine in the context of their agrarisation and deagrarisation. Practical value / implications. The practical value lies in the development of recommendations for the formation of effective state agrarian policy in Ukraine. Identifying the strategic vectors of rural development and determining the main factors influencing the agrarisation or deagrarisation of households allows for the design of targeted programs to support and develop agriculture. The results of the study can be used by government authorities to adjust agrarian policy, as well as by local authorities for the development and implementation of regional programs for the development of rural areas. They can also serve as a practical guide for agrarians who are striving to optimize their management in the conditions of market transformations, choosing between the strategies of agrarisation and deagrarisation depending on the specific conditions of their farm and region. Thus, the research contributes to the preservation and development of the socio-economic potential of rural areas in Ukraine

Economic and legal aspects of modern land use

In the article we investigate the socio-economic efficiency of land use in agriculture. The peculiarities and tendencies of development of land relations in the conditions of a multi-faceted economy are established. The main indicators of land use efficiency are analyzed: crop yields and gross output of all categories of farms per 100 hectares of agricultural land. The economic and legal aspects of the modern land use in the conditions of the final stage of the reformation of land relations are determined. We analyzed the legal and regulatory framework for land tenure and possession (Law of Ukraine on Land Conservation, Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine “On Approval of the Norms of Optimal Crop Relations in Crop rotations in Various Natural-Agricultural Regions”, Procedure for the Development of Land Management Projects, Providing Ecological and Economic substantiation of crop rotation and landscaping). We outline the problems of raider seizure of agricultural land. We substantiated the prospects for further transformation of land use in the conditions of the formation of the land market

State support of technical provision of ecologically oriented agricultural enterprises

The purpose of the paper is to study the ecologically oriented agricultural enterprises technical equipment state support features. It has been proved that machine-tractor fleet which consists of power facilities set, agricultural machinery and implements that are designed to perform agricultural operations is an important component of the technical service agricultural enterprises. Modern machinery manning and highly effective use of as separated aggregates, technological complexes, as well as tractor fleet enterprises in general is the basis of agricultural products production maximum, its quality and competitiveness provision. It has been established that technical provision problems that are typical for enterprises that implement innovative technologies, produce organic products. It has been proved that unprofitable industries, lack of liquid mortgage, high probability of credit return failure and legal mechanisms imperfection slows down ecologically oriented enterprises technical equipment upgrade. It has been grounded that economic support of above-mentioned producers, should be an important part of the state agricultural policy

Forming conjuncture in the world honey market: current state and prospects for Ukrainian exporters

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the specifics of export and import of honey in conditions of liberalization of world trade. Methodology / approach. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method of knowledge of economic processes, the fundamental provisions of modern economic theory, legislative and normative acts of Ukraine, scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists concerning the economy of the agrarian market in general and the market of beekeeping products in particular. Different methods were used to achieve the goal and solve problems in the research: abstract-logical – in studying the theoretical foundations and forming conclusions about the development of the beekeeping market, statistical – to study the dynamics of development of the world and domestic market of beekeeping products, comparative – in the study of economic phenomena by comparing the actual data for some years, calculation-constructive, graphical – for a visual representation of trends and changes in economic phenomena, expert assessments – in the study of the influence of qualitative factors on the functioning of the market of beekeeping, correlation-regression analysis and economic modeling – to create a model of the honey market and make a forecast for its further development. Results. In the article we consider the current state and trends of the state of the world market for honey. We have identified internal and external factors that influence the competitiveness of domestic products. The main players in the world market of honey are singled out. The main factors influencing the volumes of export of honey from Ukraine are determined. Originality / scientific novelty. We have investigated the state of the beekeeping industry in the context of honey production, the presence of bee colonies and their productivity in various organizational and legal forms of management. The export potential of beekeeping industry of Ukraine on the world market is outlined. Practical value / implications. In the article we evaluate the competitive position of the domestic branch of beekeeping in comparison with the main rivals of the countries. A share of Ukrainian honey in the total exports of major partner countries has been established. We have constructed a correlation map of the factors influencing the efficiency of the export of domestic honey

The Impact of World Trade Liberalization on the Development of Domestic Brewing Companies

The aim of the article is to study the impact of world trade liberalization on the development of domestic enterprises (using the example of the brewing industry). The conceptual basis for the introduction of liberal regimes for international trade is considered. Modern approaches to simplification of customs barriers to export and import operations are analyzed. The main advantages and disadvantages of liberalization of foreign trade are identified. The beer market in Ukraine and the main trends in it are analyzed. The geographical structure of Ukraine’s beer export and import is investigated. The main stages of the brewing industry entering international markets are considered. The construction of a gravity model makes it possible to make qualitative forecast of the development state of markets for economic agents of the national economy. That is, the gravity model is primarily a tool for modeling trade flows of a particular product among countries. Based on the gravity model, it is possible to assess effectiveness of international trade. In our case, as a result of constructing the gravity model and testing it using forecast indicators, the most promising markets for export activities of brewing enterprises are determined. The gravity model of international trade in beer based on the trade balance is adapted. The constructed model is tested, and potential partner countries for export operations are identified. A set of proposals is worked out for the development of beer export to the recommended countries

Spatial structure of natural landscapes within the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone

The article demonstrates the results of a study of the landscape structure of the Chornobyl Radiation and Ecological Biosphere Reserve (Ukr.: Chornobylskyi radiatsiino-ekolohichnyi biosfernyi zapovidnyk – ChREBR). Because of radioactive pollution, a sharp drop in human activity, and the granting of the territory the status of a protected object, the process of area rewilding took on certain characteristics and led to the return of ecosystems’ natural processes. The studies cover a 7-year period from 2016 to 2022, i.e., from the moment this territory was granted protected status. That territory was abandoned by people more than 37 years ago and the former rural and urban landscapes have either already been transformed or are in the process of being transformed into natural ones. The scale of forest massifs has changed during the previous seven years, which has caused increased pasture overgrowth. huge forest massifs have been lost because of enormous forest fires and floods, particularly along the Pripet and Uzh rivers. Semi-natural successions occur in the gardens, and wooden homes are almost extinct. From orbit, a number of communities no longer resemble settlements. They are cloaked in bushes and trees instead. For places that have been ploughed, the same holds true. The last seven years show that change is happening more slowly than in the decades before. The pattern of natural processes in ecosystems, including periodic fires, the blocking of reclamation channels, and other factors, is the primary driver of changes in the composition of the land cover

Monitoring der Landnutzungsänderung in der Ukraine am Beispiel der Region Schytomyr

Die Landnutzung unterliegt laufend Veränderungen und wird durch zahlreiche Faktoren beeinflusst. Die Nutzung neuer Technologien macht das Monitoring der Landnutzungsänderungen fast in Echtzeit möglich und ist heutzutage für nachhaltiges Bodenmanagement unverzichtbar. Insbesondre ist Landnutzungsmonitoring im Rahmen der Implementierung der Boden- und Dezentralisierungsreformen in der Ukraine ein wichtiges Kontroll- und Planungsinstrument und bietet eine Basis für die politische Entscheidungsfindung auf allen Ebenen. Der vorliegende Artikel betrachtet die Veränderungen in der Landnutzung in der Ukraine am Beispiel von der Region Schytomyr in den Jahren 2016–2022 mit Hilfe des »Dynamic World Tool«. Darüber hinaus werden mögliche Faktoren, die sich auf die Landnutzung in der Region auswirken, diskutiert

CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF THE FOREIGN AGRICULTURAL TRADE BETWEEN UKRAINE AND THE EU USING THE GRAVITY MODEL

The analysis of geographical structure of export and import of goods between Ukraine and EU countries is carried out. The share of agricultural products in the commodity structure of export-import of goods is investigated. The methodological approach to the cluster analysis of trading partners with agricultural products is substantiated. Using the k-means method and the Ward-method, clustering of trading partners of the EU member states and Ukraine regarding the export and import of agricultural products was carried out. Three cluster groups (“export-oriented”, “import-oriented” and “potential partners”) are distinguished; their main peculiarities are described. In order to determine the specifics of trade relations with the partners of each cluster, a gravity model was used; this model demonstrated the main factors affecting foreign agricultural trade. When applying the gravity model for each cluster, the main stimulating and discouraging factors, which affect foreign agricultural trade between Ukraine and the EU, were identified

Tarptautinės žemės ūkio prekybos klasterizavimas tarp Ukrainos ir ES

The relevance of this study is determined by the necessity to refocus the foreign trade policy of Ukraine and to adjust the agricultural sector of economy to the conjunctural changes on the world agricultural markets. At present, the structure of the foreign trade of Ukraine is changing drastically taking into account economic, social and political circumstances. How can one identify potential partners and single out those that are the most economically feasible for a long-term co-operation? This is one of the most topical issues of the development of the foreign economic activi-ty. The purpose of the article is to identify the main trade partners of agricultural products between Ukraine and the EU. Using the k-means method and the Ward-method, clustering of the trade part-ners of the EU member countries and Ukraine is carried out. Three cluster groups are singled out and the main factors that have impact on these groups are described.Šio tyrimo aktualumą lemia poreikis perorientuoti Ukrainos užsienio prekybos politiką ir prisitaikyti žemės ūkio sektorių prie konjunktūrinių pokyčių pasaulio žemės ūkio rinkose. Šiandien Ukrainos užsienio prekybos struktūra iš esmės keičiasi atsižvelgiant į ekonominę ir socialinę bei politinę aplinkybės. Problema yra tai, kaip identifikuoti potencialius partnerius ir nustatyti ekonomiškai perspektyviausias ilgalaikio bendradarbiavimo grupes? Tai yra vienas svarbiausių užsienio ekonominės veiklos vystymo klausimų. Straipsnio tikslas – nustatyti pagrindinius žemės ūkio produktų prekybos partnerius tarp Ukrainos ir ES. Naudojant k-vidurkio ir Ward metodus, vykdomas ES valstybių narių ir Ukrainos prekybos partnerių grupavimas. Išskiriamos trys klasterių grupės ir aprašyti pagrindiniai juos veikiantis veiksniai