Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by gastrointestinal tract cells (CaCo-2) after exposure to ENPs, ionic silver, microtitanium dioxide and aged paint particles for 4 h.

<p>A = CaCo-2 cells were exposed to different concentrations of nanosilver, paint Ag-1, Ag-2 and ionic silver. B = CaCo-2 cells were exposed to different concentrations of nanotitanium dioxide, paint Ti-1, Ti-2, Ti-3 and microtitanium dioxide. C = CaCo-2 cells were exposed to different concentrations of nanosilicon dioxide, paint Si-1 and Si-2. * = Significantly different from the control.</p

Morphology of gastrointestinal cells (CaCo-2) after exposure to different concentrations of nanosilver for 48 h.

<p>A = 1 µg/mL, B = 3 µg/mL, C = 9 µg/mL, D = 27 µg/mL, E = 81 µg/mL, F = 243 µg/mL.</p

Uptake of nanosilver, nanotitanium dioxide, and paint Ti-1 particles by gastrointestinal cells (CaCo-2).

<p>A = Control culture; CaCo-2 cells grown in the absence of ENPs and paint particles. B = CaCo-2 cells exposed to nanosilver (27 µg/mL) for 48 h. A higher amount of nanosilver was incorporated into the cells. Occasionally, the incorporated nanosilver particles formed spherical agglomerates arranged in a row. 1: Nanosilver agglomerates, 2: Nanosilver agglomerates forming a chain. C = CaCo-2 cells exposed to nanotitanium dioxide (243 µg/mL) for 48 h. A higher amount of nanotitanium dioxide was incorporated into the cells. No cytotoxic effects could be observed. 3: Nanotitanium dioxide agglomerates. D = CaCo-2 cells exposed to paint Ti-1 particles show incorporation of the particles. 4: Microtitanium dioxide agglomerates, 5: Agglomerates of paint particles, 6: Nanotitanium dioxide agglomerates.</p

Activity and viability of gastrointestinal tract cells (CaCo-2) after exposure to ENPs, ionic silver, microtitanium dioxide and aged paint particles for 48 h.

<p>A = CaCo-2 cells were exposed to different concentrations of nanosilver, paint Ag-1, Ag-2 and ionic silver. B = CaCo-2 cells were exposed to different concentrations of nanotitanium dioxide, paint Ti-1, Ti-2, Ti-3 and microtitanium dioxide. C = CaCo-2 cells were exposed to different concentrations of nanosilicon dioxide, paint Si-1 and Si-2. * = Significantly different from the control.</p

Effects of environmental synchrony and density-dependent dispersal on temporal and spatial slopes of Taylor's law

Taylor's law (TL) is an empirical rule that describes an approximate relationship between the variance and mean of population density: log(10)(variance) approximate to log(10)(a) + b x log(10)(mean). Population synchrony is another prevailing feature observed in empirical populations. This study investigated the effects of environmental synchrony and density-dependent dispersal on the temporal (b( T)) and spatial (b( S)) slopes of TL, using an empirical dataset of gray-sided vole populations and simulation analyses based on the second-order autoregressive (AR) model. Eighty-five empirical populations satisfied the temporal and spatial TLs with b( T) = 1.943 (+/- SE 0.143) and b( S) = 1.579 (+/- SE 0.136). The pairwise synchrony of population was 0.377 +/- 0.199 (mean +/- SD). Most simulated populations that obeyed the AR model satisfied the form of the temporal and spatial TLs without being affected by the environmental synchrony and density-dependent dispersal; however, those simulated slopes were too steep. The incorporation of environmental synchrony resulted in reduced simulated slopes, but those slopes, too, were still unrealistically steep. By incorporating density-dependent dispersal, simulated slopes decreased and fell within a realistic range. However, the simulated populations without environmental synchrony did not exhibit an adequate degree of density synchrony. In simulations that included both environmental synchrony and density-dependent dispersal, 92.7% of the simulated datasets provided realistic values for b( T), b( S) and population synchrony. Because the two slopes were more sensitive to the variation of density-dependent dispersal than that of environmental synchrony, density-dependent dispersal may be the key to the determination of b( T) and b( S)

Influence of different concentrations and formulations of micronized copper azole (MCA) on the daily growth rate of <i>A</i>. <i>serialis</i> 43, <i>C</i>. <i>puteana</i> 62, <i>G</i>. <i>trabeum</i> 100, <i>R</i>. <i>placenta</i> 45, and <i>T</i>. <i>versicolor</i> 159.

<p>The MCA_HTBA formulation contains high amount of TBA (5% w/w), whereas MCA_LTBA contains low amount of TBA (0.4% w/w). Data represented as mean ± standard deviation of three repetitions.</p

Assessment of micronized Cu azole (MCA) formulations, associated mass losses and the role of each active substance for wood protection against <i>R</i>. <i>placenta</i> 45.

<p>CuCO3 = Cu carbonate; TBA = tebuconazole. The MCA_HTBA formulation contains a high amount of TBA (5% w/w), whereas MCA_LTBA contains a low amount of TBA (0.4% w/w). Data are represented as mean ± standard deviation of four repetitions. Shared letters indicate treatments that were not significantly different, different letters denote significant differences in treatments after the Tukey’s HSD test.</p

Scheme of the liquid cultures used.

<p>TTM = ammonium tetrathiomolybdate; MCA = micronized copper azole; CuCO₃ = Cu carbonate; TBA = tebuconazole; CuSO₄ = Cu sulfate.</p

Influence of different forms of Cu on the fungal wet biomass produced by <i>R</i>. <i>placenta</i> 45 in liquid cultures.

<p>TTM = 0.02 mM ammonium tetrathiomolybdate; MCA = 0.02 mM of free Cu²⁺ ions in micronized copper azole; CuCO3 = 0.02 mM Cu carbonate; TBA = 5% w/w tebuconazole; CuSO4 = 0.02 mM Cu sulfate. Data represented as mean ± standard deviation of three repetitions. Shared letters indicate no significant difference in wet biomass production, different letters denote significant differences in wet biomass production after the Tukey’s HSD test.</p

Influence of different forms of Cu on the oxalic acid production by <i>R</i>. <i>placenta</i> 45 in liquid cultures.

<p>TTM = 0.02 mM ammonium tetrathiomolybdate; MCA = 0.02 mM of free Cu²⁺ ions in micronized copper azole; CuCO3 = 0.02 mM copper carbonate; TBA = 5% w/w tebuconazole; CuSO4 = 0.02 mM Cu sulfate. Data represented as mean ± standard deviation of three repetitions. Shared letters indicate treatments that were not significantly different, different letters denote significant differences in treatments after the Tukey’s HSD test.</p