The European regulatory system. Organic farming and production

The European Union is the biggest consumer market for organic produce. Consequently, its regulatory system on organic farming is of special interest, not just to Europeans dealing with organic products, but also to those who target their product to this market. Of particular interest in this context is the Regulation (EEC) 2092/91 with its numerous revisions and amendments. Responding to this interest the following piece gives an overview of the EU-Regulation on organic farming and food production and the administrative approach on revision

The Modern Trend Towards Exclusion of Recourse Against Transnational Arbitral Awards: A European Perspective

This Article will analyze this trend [the liberal tradition in international commercial arbitration] and attempt to assess its impact on the efficiency of international commercial arbitration as a viable alternative to litigation before the national judiciary. Where appropriate, the new laws will be compared to the UNCITRAL Model Law (the Model Law ), today\u27s archetype of modern commercial arbitration laws. Finally, this Article will focus on the possible influence of the new laws on arbitration laws of other states, taking the Federal Republic of Germany as an illustrative example

Cellular mechanisms of potassium homeostasis in the mammalian nervous system

Double-barrelled ion-sensitive microelectrodes were used to measure changes in the intracellular activities of K+, Na+, and Cl- (aKi, aNai, aCli) in neurones of rat sympathetic ganglia and in glial cells of slices from guinea-pig olfactory cortex. In sympathetic neurones, carbachol and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) produced a reversible decrease of aKi. The decrease of aKi during carbachol was accompanied by a rise of aNai, whereas in the presence of GABA decreases of aKi and aCli were seen. The reuptake of K+ released during the action of carbachol was completely blocked by ouabain, whereas furosemide inhibited the aKi recovery after the action of GABA. In glial cells, in contrast to the observations in the sympathetic neurones, aKi and aCli increased, whereas aNai decreased when neuronal activity was enhanced by repetitive stimulation of the lateral olfactory tract. It was found that barium ions and ouabain strongly reduced the activity-related rise of intraglial aKi in slices of guinea-pig olfactory cortex. These data show that mammalian neurones as well as glial cells possess several K+ uptake mechanisms that contribute to potassium homeostasis. Ouabain, furosemide, and Ba2+ are useful pharmacological tools to separate these mechanisms

A Note on Properties of Discrete Composition Operators

We derive properties and a characterization of discrete composition matrices which are useful in the field of numerical computation of shape correspondences

Molecular Computing: from conformational pattern recognition to complex processing networks

Natural biomolecular systems process information in a radically different manner than programmable machines. Conformational interactions, the basis of specificity and self-assembly, are of key importance. A gedanken device is presented that illustrates how the fusion of information through conformational self-organization can serve to enhance pattern processing at the cellular level. The device is used to highlight general features of biomolecular information processing. We briefly outline a simulation system designed to address the manner in which conformational processing interacts with kinetic and higher level structural dynamics in complex biochemical networks. Virtual models that capture features of biomolecular information processing can in some instances have artificial intelligence value in their own right and should serve as design tools for future computers built from real molecules