113 research outputs found

    Ecological risk assessment of urban and industrial systems: A review.

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    International audienceNumerous ecological risk assessment methodologies have been developed over the last twenty years around the world for evaluating urban and industrial systems and installations, by both the organisations responsible for implementing regulations and the scientific community. Although these methodologies share the general principle underlying their use, they differ widely with respect to the approaches chosen and the resources employed to apply them. Also, they may even have different objectives: prior assessment as part of an impact study before building a new installation, or retrospective assessment, for example, in view to explaining the reasons for an impact recorded or for forecasting additional expected impacts. This article provides a synthesis of the different approaches used around the world for carrying out each of the major steps common to all ecological risk assessment methodologies. The advantages and limitations of these different options are discussed in order to provide elements for formulating any new methodology adapted to a given scenario. To conclude, perspectives for improving the tools required for these methodol- ogies are proposed, and the research works to which priority should be given are identified

    Évaluation de l'impact des rejets urbains de temps de pluie sur le compartiment algal des écosystèmes aquatiques (Mise au point d'outils pour la surveillance des milieux récepteurs)

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    La gestion des eaux pluviales constitue un défi important à relever dans les villes du monde entier : aujourd hui on ne compte plus les problèmes d inondation et de pollution, problèmes chroniques qui tendent à s amplifier à mesure que l urbanisation grandit en parallèle du changement climatique. Une gestion durable de ces eaux est au cœur des enjeux du XXIe siècle et afin de faire face à ces problèmes le Ministère de l Écologie et du Développement Durable a engagé une opération de recherche sur cette thématique. Parmi les problèmes posés par les eaux pluviales, notre étude se focalise sur les rejets urbains de temps de pluie (RUTP). Ces rejets constituent un apport important et imprévisible de nombreux polluants pour les masses d eaux réceptrices. La pollution des RUTP est étudiée depuis de nombreuses années et, alors que les connaissances en la matière s affinent, il n existe à l heure actuelle aucune étude de grande ampleur permettant d identifier l impact des RUTP sur les écosystèmes récepteurs. Notre travail a consisté à étudier l impact environnemental de différents échantillons de RUTP collectés sur 3 sites d assainissement pluvial de l agglomération lyonnaise. Pour cela nous avons sélectionné des bioindicateurs pertinents, les microalgues d eau douce, organismes unicellulaires à la base des chaînes trophiques et très sensibles aux polluants présents dans les RUTP. Nous avons réalisé des bioessais écotoxicologiques connus de la littérature et contribué au développement de nouveaux indicateurs de toxicité complémentaires. De plus nous avons cherché à adapter ces bioessais pour permettre leur utilisation sur le terrain. En parallèle nous avons travaillé à l amélioration d un biocapteur enzymatique à cellules algales. Ses performances ont été évaluées sur des échantillons de RUTP avant d œuvrer à la construction d une station automatisée qui nous a permis de réaliser des mesures directement sur les sites d assainissement (on line monitoring). Ce travail contribue à mettre en évidence l impact important des RUTP sur le milieu récepteur tout en confirmant le caractère hétérogène de ce type d effluent et l intérêt des dispositifs de surveillance in situ.The stormwater management constitutes an important challenge for cities around the world: today there are countless problems of flooding and pollution, chronic problems that tend to amplify as urbanization grows. Sustainable management of these waters is at the heart of defies of the twenty-first century and to address these problems the Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development has launched a research operation. Among problems posed by stormwater, our study focuses on urban wet weather discharges (UWWD). These releases are an important and unpredictable contribution of many pollutants to the receiving water bodies. UWWD's pollution has been studied for many years and, while knowledge in the field matures, there is at present no large-scale study to identify the impact of UWWD on the receiving ecosystems. Our work consist in studying the impact of different UWWD samples collected at 3 storm sanitation sites of Lyon on the environment. We have relevant bioindicators, freshwater microalgae, unicellular organisms at the base of the trophic chain and very sensitive to pollutants present in the UWWD. We have undertaken ecotoxicological bioassays known from the literature and contributed to the development of new indicators of toxicity. Furthermore, we seek to adapt these bioassays to allow their use in the field. In parallel, we have worked to improve an enzyme biosensor algal cell. We evaluated its performances on samples of UWWD and then we built an automated measuring station to make measurements directly on the remediation site (online monitoring).VILLEURBANNE-DOC'INSA-Bib. elec. (692669901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Ecotoxicological risk assessment linked to infilling quarries with treated dredged seaport sediments

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    International audienceThe dredged sediments of polluted seaports now raise complex management problems since it is no longer possible to discharge them into the sea. This results in the need to manage them on land, raising other types of technical, economic and environmental problems. Regarding the technical and economic dimensions, traditional waste treatment methods have proved to be poorly adapted, due to very high costs and low absorbable volumes. In this context, filling quarries in coastal areas with treated sediments could represent an interesting alternative for these materials. Nevertheless, for the environmental dimension, it is necessary to demonstrate that this possibility is harmless to inland ecosystems. Consequently, a specific ecotoxicological risk assessment methodology has been formulated and tested on three sediments taken from seaboards of France, in view to providing an operational and usable tool for the prior validation of any operation to fill quarries with treated seaport sediments. This method incorporates the formulation of a global conceptual model of the scenario studied and the definition of protocols for each of its steps: the characterisation of exposures (based on a simulation of sediment deposit), the characterisation of effects (via the study of sediments ecotoxicity), and the final ecotoxicological risk assessment performed as a calculation of a risk quotient. It includes the implementation in parallel of two types of complementary approach: the "substances" approach derived from the European methodology for assessing new substances placed on the market, and the "matrix" approach which is similar to methods developed in France to assess ecological risks in other domains (waste management, polluted site management, ...). The application of this dual approach to the three sediments tested led to conclude with reliability that the project to deposit sediments "1" and "2" presented a low risk for the peripheral aquatic ecosystems while sediment "3" presented a high risk

    16. Pollution des milieux aquatiques

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    La qualité des milieux aquatiques est fragile, elle est dégradée par de nombreux polluants, suite aux rejets d’effluents liquides, au ruissellement de l’eau de pluie sur des surfaces polluées, au lessivage de sols contaminés, et aux nombreuses autres activités anthropiques* émettant des substances toxiques dans l’environnement. Principales sources de polluants Les activités urbaines, industrielles et agricoles correspondent aux principales sources de pollution des milieux aquatiques. Au sein ..

    Évaluation des risques écologiques : développements prioritaires et recherches concomitantes

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    At the opposite of the health risk assessment, the Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) is still in its early stages internationally. Nevertheless, the need for this type of tool for decision support is huge in many areas (impact assessment of industrial sites, management of polluted sites and urban wastelands, transport infrastructure design, sustainable urban development,...). To address these needs, some countries have worked in order to develop their own approaches. In these countries, the development and optimization of these have involved many actors, acting both within government agencies, and within academia. This prospective paper, after a synthesis of existing ERA methodologies, deals with researches necessary to advance each stage of the ERA, namely "the problem formulation", "the assessment of exposure of ecosystems", "the assessment of effects on ecosystems, and "the ecological risk assessment itself"

    Évaluation des risques écologiques : développements prioritaires et recherches concomitantes

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    Contrairement à l’évaluation des risques sanitaires, l’Évaluation des Risques Écologiques (ÉRÉ) en est encore à ses balbutiements sur le plan international. Le besoin de ce type d’outil d’aide à la décision est pourtant immense dans de nombreux domaines (étude d’impact des installations industrielles, gestion des sites pollués et des friches urbaines, conception des infrastructures de transports, gestion durable des aménagements urbains,...). Face à ces besoins, quelques pays ont travaillé au développement de premières approches. Dans ces pays, l’élaboration puis l’optimisation de ces dernières ont mobilisé de nombreux acteurs, agissant tant au sein des agences gouvernementales, qu’au sein du monde universitaire. Le présent article prospectif, après une synthèse des méthodologies d’ÉRÉ existantes sur le plan international, traite des travaux de recherche à lancer en priorité pour faire progresser chacune des étapes de l’ÉRÉ, à savoir « la formulation du problème », « l’évaluation des expositions des écosystèmes », « l’évaluation des effets sur les écosystèmes », ainsi que « l’évaluation des risques écologiques elle-même ».At the opposite of the health risk assessment, the Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) is still in its early stages internationally. Nevertheless, the need for this type of tool for decision support is huge in many areas (impact assessment of industrial sites, management of polluted sites and urban wastelands, transport infrastructure design, sustainable urban development,...). To address these needs, some countries have worked in order to develop their own approaches. In these countries, the development and optimization of these have involved many actors, acting both within government agencies, and within academia. This prospective paper, after a synthesis of existing ERA methodologies, deals with researches necessary to advance each stage of the ERA, namely "the problem formulation", "the assessment of exposure of ecosystems", "the assessment of effects on ecosystems, and "the ecological risk assessment itself"

    Écocompatibilité des déchets : vers une prise en compte de la notion d'impact pour l’élimination et la valorisation des déchets

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    International audienceDisposal conditions or re-use of waste are still defined on regulation and technical basis depending on the best available and economically acceptable technology. Current regulations take into account the notion of impact on the environmental receptors only to a very limited extent. This article describes the principle and the first results of a three year research program, initiated by the French Agency of Energy and Environment (Ademe), called « Ecocompatibility program » aiming to introduce progressively a logic of impact in the waste management. The assessement of the waste ecocompatibility is based on the comparison of the flow of the waste pollutants (in a specified scenario) and the flow of pollutants considered as acceptable by the different environmental receptors (water or soil) concerned. The first work conducted by the teams involved in this program was to identify and hierarchize the numerous factors of influence and the parameters of characterization to be considered for this assessement. An experimental program of tests to be performed at the labscale and on a full scale during the second an the third year of the elaborated program.Les conditions de stockage ou de valorisation des déchets sont aujourd'hui encore définies sur des bases réglementaires et techniques reposant sur la mise en place de la meilleure technologie disponible et économiquement acceptable, ne reposant que très peu sur une notion d'impact sur les milieux d'accueil sollicités. Le présent article décrit le principe et les premiers résultats d'un programme de recherche de 3 ans, lancé à l'initiative de l' Ademe, baptisé « Programme Écocompatibilité » et visant à intégrer progressivement une logique d'impact dans la gestion des déchets. L'évaluation de l'écocompatibilité des déchets est basée sur la comparaison des flux de polluants émis par les déchets (pris dans un scénario donné) et des flux de polluants jugés acceptables pour les différents milieux récepteurs (aquatiques et» sol ») concernés. Le premier travail réalisé par les équipes participant au programme a consisté à identifier et hiérarchiser les nombreux facteurs d'influence et paramètres de caractérisation à prendre en compte pour ces évaluations. Un programme d'expérimentations à réaliser au laboratoire et à grande échelle lors des deuxième et troisième années du programme a ensuite été mis en place

    Evaluation des risques écotoxicologiques liés aux rejets d'effluents hospitaliers dans les milieux aquatiques (contribution à l'amélioration de la phase "caractérisation des effets")

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    Ce mémoire de thèse s inscrit dans la problématique de l Evaluation Des Risques Ecotoxicologiques (EDREcotox) liés aux rejets d'effluents hospitaliers dans les milieux aquatiques. Le premier objectif vise à améliorer la connaissance des effets écotoxicologiques des effluents hospitaliers. Pour cela, nous avons étudié d une part, les effets combinés des principaux polluants contenus dans ces effluents vis-à-vis de Daphnia magna et, d autre part, les effluents provenant d un hôpital d une grande ville française, en intégrant leur caractérisation physico-chimique et écotoxicologique approfondie. Nous avons alors mis en œuvre des EDREcotox basées sur les différentes approches préalablement étudiées (substances, substances avec effets combinés, bioessais mono-spécifiques et pluri-spécifiques). Le second objectif de ce travail vise à contribuer à l'amélioration des méthodologies de caractérisation des effets écotoxicologiques, à la fois d un point de vue général et pour le scénario spécifique étudié : rejets des effluents d un hôpital d une grande ville du Sud-Est de la France dans le réseau d eaux usées en direction de la station d épuration puis du cours d eau . Les résultats obtenus montrent que les effets combinés des mélanges de désinfectants/surfactants étudiés sont additifs vis-à-vis de D. magna. Quelle que soit l approche utilisée, nos résultats révèlent la toxicité des effluents étudiés. Les EDREcotox montrent cependant que, dans le cas de notre scénario, le risque écotoxicologique est faible pour les organismes du milieu récepteur. Nos recherches ont également permis de proposer une méthodologie de caractérisation des effets écotoxicologiques basée sur une première étape constituée d une approche intégrée. Enfin, ce travail permet d aboutir à des recommandations pour une meilleure gestion des effluents hospitaliers.This study deals with the ecotoxicological risk assessment (EDREcotox) related to hospital wastewater discharging into aquatic environments. The fust objective was to improve the knowledge of the ecotoxicological effects of hospital wastewater. Firstly, the combined effects of the main pollutants contained in these effluents were characterized on Daphnia magna. Then, the effluents of a hospital coming from a French large city were studied by integrating the ir indepth physicochemical and ecotoxicological characterizations. EDREcotox based on various approaches, substances, substances with combined effects, mono-specifie and pluri-specific bioassays, was then carried out. The second objective of this work was to contribute to the irnprovement of "characterization of ecotoxicological effects" methodologies from a general point of view and for a specifie scenario studied: "discharging of hospital effluents from a large city of the South-east of France in the urban sewer network towards the wastewater treatrnent plant and then towards the river". Results Jead to the conclusion that the combined effects of the studied disinfectants/surfactants mixtures on the mobility of D. magna are additive. Whatever the approach used, our findings reveal the toxicity of the studied effluents. However EDREcotox show that in the case of our scenario, the ecotoxicological risk is weak for the river aquatic organisms. Our results also lead to propose a methodology of characterization of ecotoxicological effects starting with an integrated approach. Finally, this work contributes to establish recommendations for an improved management of hospital effluents.VILLEURBANNE-DOC'INSA LYON (692662301) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater: Their ecotoxicity and contribution to the environmental hazard of the effluent

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    International audienceNowadays, pharmaceuticals are found in every compartment of the environment. Hospitals are one of the main sources of these pollutant emissions sent to wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) that are poorly equipped to treat these types of compounds efficiently. In this work, for each pharmaceutical compound found in hospital wastewater (HWW), we have calculated a hazard quotient (HQ) corresponding to the highest concentration measured in HWW divided by its predicted no effect concentration (PNEC). Thus we have assessed the contribution of each compound to the ecotoxicological threat of HWW taken as a whole. Fifteen compounds are identified as particularly hazardous in HWW. In future more attention should be given to their analysis and replacement in hospitals, and to their elimination in WWTPs. This work also highlights the lack of knowledge of the ecotoxicity of certain pharmaceutical compounds found in HWW at high concentrations (mg L1). In order to extend this study, it is now necessary to investigate ecotoxic risks linked to various emission scenarios, focusing in particular on dilution in the aquatic environment and the production of metabolites, especially during transit inside WWTPs

    Identification, assessment and prioritization of ecotoxicological risks on the scale of a territory: Application to WWTP discharges in a geographical area located in northeast Lyon, France

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    International audienceThe ecotoxicological risk assessment methodologies developed up to now mainly focus on local pollution and do not incorporate an evaluation and prioritization of the different risk situations present in the same territory. This article presents the different phases of formulating an innovative methodology developed to ␣ll this gap, and its application to all the 18 WasteWater Treatment Plants (WWTP) of a geographical area located northeast of Lyon, France. The aim was also take into account emerging pol- lutants that are very often “forgotten” in ecotoxicological risk assessments. The results of the study show the extreme diversity of the ecotoxicity of the pollutants present in discharges, with “minimum” PNEC values in the region of a millionth of a microgram (10␣6 mg/l) and “maximum” PNEC values in the region of several tens of micrograms. They also show very considerable diversity of the ␣ows of the receiving watercourses in the territory concerned (from several m3/s to 600 m3/s). The Risk Quotients (RQ) resulting from these 2 datasets, calculated for each WWTP and for each of the 10 pollutants most implicated in ecotoxicological risks (Diclofenac, Amoxicillin, Trimethoprim, Roxithromycin, 17b-estradiol, 17a-Ethynylestradiol, Estrone, Nonylphenol, Octylphenol, Nickel, et NH␣4 ), vary from 0.000002 to 187.7 when using the median concentration values of these pollutants, and from 0.000007 to 3750 when using their maximum concentration values. Globally, they show that: (1) the risks are higher for small streams that receive WWTP discharges of average size, (2) the risks are low to very low for discharges into watercourses with high ␣ow rates
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