SUBMARINE LANDSLIDE AND LOCALIZED TSUNAMI POTENTIALITY OF MENTAWAI BASIN, SUMATRA, INDONESIA

The new bathymetry and seismic data were acquired during the PreTI-Gap marine survey (February 15 to March 6, 2008). The survey was carried out along the NE margin of Mentawai Island using multi-beam swath bathymetry equipment, and 28-channels seismic streamer and four-airgun source. The first target was the Mega Island region near the epicenter of the 2007 great earthquake. The shallow bathymetry is characterized as a flat coral platform suggesting that 200 km elongated plateau is slowly subsiding without any active faults. Further north, from South Pagai to North of Siberut Islands, the seafloor morphology changes significantly. The deep and wide canyons or valleys produce very rough seafloor morphology between 50 and 1100 m water. In general, the submarine topography shows two break slopes at different depths. Between slope breaks, the undulating, hilly and circular features dominate, possibly caused by landslides. A push-up ridge is observed that dams the sediments eroded within a steep slope northeastward side. The seismic reflection data acquired along 14 dip seismic lines at the NE flank of Mentawai Islands, from Siberut to the South of Pagai Islands. We observed a set of southwestward dipping back thrust bounding the NE margin of the Mentawai Island. Keywords: submarine landslide, tsunami, Mentawai basin, Sumatra. Data batimetri dan seismik baru telah dihasilkan selama survey kelautan PreTi-Gap (15 Februari hingga 6 Maret 2008). Survei dilaksanakan sepanjang tepian timurlaut P. Mentawai menggunakan peralatan multibeam, seismic saluran ganda 28 kanal dengan sumber energi airgun. Sasaran pertama adalah memetakan kawasan pulau dekat pusat gempa tahun 2007. Kenampakan batimetri dangkal dicirikan dengan adanya dataran terumbu karang yang secara perlahan mengalami penurunan tanpa aktifitas sesar. Lebih jauh ke Utar, dari Pagai Selatan ke utara P. Siberut, morfologi dasar laut memperlihatkan perubahan secara signifikan, dimana lembah dasar laut memiliki lebar dan beda kedalaman antara 50 hingga 1100 meter. Secara umum, topografi dasar laut memperlihatkan dua kemiringan pada kedalaman yang berbeda dengan dicirikan adanya kenampakan perlipatan, perbukitan dan bentuk yang melingkar diperkirakan sebagai hasil gelinciran. Sebanyak 14 line data seismik refleksi pada sayap bagian timurlaut P. Mentawai, dari Siberut hingga ke selatan P. Pagai memperlihatkan adanya bukti sesar naik yang miring ke arah baratdaya yang masih satu set dengan tepian timurlaut P. Mentawai. Kata kunci: longsoran bawah laut, tsunami, Cekungan Mentawai, Sumatra

FAULT PATTERN AND ACTIVE DEFORMATION OF OUTER ARC RIDGE OF NORTHWEST OF SIMEULUE ISLAND, ACEH, INDONESIA

New bathymetric map of northwest Simeuleu Island area (3° 01’N-4°57’N and 93°16’E-94°08’E) has evidently illustrated fine morphological image of Outer Arc ridge and Aceh Fore Arc. The structural lineament pattern, inferred from the bathymetric map, could define in general elongated major NW-SE thrust fault complex, thrust fold, or bedding trace and N-S, NNE-SSW, WNW-ESE or ENE-WSW and E-W structural lineament trend. High intensity deformation processes related to high degree obliquity subducted plate was represented by rough and sigmoidal morphological shape, landward and steep to very steep dip angle of bedding plan. Rough morphology, V to U shape valley, dissected ridge and circular shape of landslide trace are common morphology features of active deformation zone. In the near future, high resolution marine seismic will be planned across this area to capture and confirm the subsurface structure configuration and fault movement. Keyword: bathymetric map, Outer Arc ridge, thrust fault, thrust fold, bedding trace, sigmoidal morphological, V to U shape valley,and landslide. Peta batimetri baru di sebelah barat laut Pulau Simelue (3° 01’LU - 4°57’LU and 93°16’BT-94°08’BT), memperlihatkan citra morfologi yang halus pada punggungan busur luar dan busur depan Aceh. Pola kelurusan struktur mengacu pada peta batimetri, dibagi dalam komplek sesar naik yang berarah umum baratlaut - tenggara, lipatan, atau jejak perlapisan dengan kecendrungan arah struktur utara-selatan, utara timur laut – selatan barat daya, barat - barat daya, timur tenggara atau timur laut - barat daya dan timur - barat. Proses deformasi intensitas tinggi berkaitan dengan derajat kemiringan penunjaman yang tinggi, diwakili oleh bentuk morfologi sigmoid dan kasar, ke arah darat dicirikan oleh kemiringan bidang lapisan terjal hingga sangat terjal. Bentuk morfologi kasar seperti bentuk lembah V hingga U, punggungan yang terpotong dan bentuk melingkar dari jejak longsoran merupakan gambaran morfologi umum dari zona deformasi aktif. Dalam waktu dekat, seismik laut resolusi tinggi akan direncanakan memotong daerah ini untuk menggambarkan dan mengkonfirmasi konfigurasi struktur bawah permukaan dan pergerakan sesar. Kata kunci : peta batimetri, punggungan busur luar, sesar naik, lipatan, jejak bidang perlapisan, morfologi sigmoid, bentuk lembah V hingga U,dan longsoran

Gunungapi dan Kegiatan Hidrotermal Bawahlaut di Perairan Sulawesi Utara: Mineralisasi dan Implikasi Tektonik

Ekspedisi kelautan IASSHA (Indonesia Australia Survey for Submarine Hydrothermal Activity) 2003 di kawasan perairan kepulauan Sangihe, Sulawesi utara telah mengidentifikasi Kawio Barat sebagai gunungapi bawahlaut dan indikasi kegiatan hidrotermal bawahlaut antara lain di Roa, Naung dan Banua Wuhu. Kegiatan gunungapi Kawio Barat dicirikan oleh anomali transmisi cahaya akibat adanya influk fluida (plume) pada airlaut dan tingginya kandungan gas metan dalam airlaut yang berhubungan dengan tingginya kandungan mangan. Kamera bawahlaut merekam koloni dari polychaete (“tube wormsâ€) yang tumbuh pada batuan dimana gas metan muncul. Gejala mineralisasi pada batuan dicirikan adanya diseminasi pirit dan markasit pada batuan. Indikasi hidrotermal gunung Roa dicirikan adanya tingginya kandungan gas metan dalam airlaut sekitar puncak bukit sedangkan gejala aktivitas hidrotermal gunungapi Naung teridentifikasi berdasarkan tingginya kandungan gas metan dalam airlaut. Batuan penutup perbukitan Naung berupa andesit, batuapung dan breksi andesit. Perbukitan bawahlaut Banua Wuhu kemungkinan sebagai kawah parasit bawahlaut, terletak dilereng barat pulau gunung tidak aktif Mahengetang. Aktivitasnya ditunjukan oleh anomali lemah kekeruhan airlaut. Mineral ubahan berupa lempung, karbonat, klorit dan opak. Batuan terubah mengandung mineral halus pirit dan noda-noda kalkopirit. Kata Kunci: Gunungapi bawahlaut; hidrotermal, transmisi cahaya, influk fluida, gas metan, mangan, koloni dari polychaete, diseminasi pirit dan markasit, kawah parasit. The 2003 IASSHA (Indonesia Australia Survey for Submarine Hydrothermal Activity) expedition at Sangihe islands waters, North Sulawesi has identified the submarine volcano of Kawio Barat and also observed hydrothermal activities at Roa, Naung and Banua Wuhu. The activity of Kawio Barat volcano is characterized by light transmission anomaly with correlated to fluids influx (plume) and higher methane gas in sea waters correlates to higher manganese content. A submarine camera grab recorded a polychaete (“tube wormsâ€) colony that growth on the rock where a methane gas seep. The pyrite disemination and marcasite indicates rocks mineralization. The Roa and Naung hydrothermal activities indicated by higher content of methane gas in sea water. The Naung volcano is covered by andesite, pumice and andesite breccia. The Banua Wuhu hill is possibly as a parasitic cone of active Mahengetang volcano. The weak anomaly transmissometer of sea water indicates a hydrothermal activity. The alteration mineral are clay, carbonate, chlorite and opaq mineral with fine mineral of pyrite and chalcopyrite. Keywords: Submarine volcano, hydrothermal, light transmission, fluids influx, methane gas, manganese, polychaete colony, pyrite dissemination and marcasite, parasitic cone

Studi Awal Pola Struktur Busur Muka Aceh, Sumatra Bagian Utara (Indonesia): Penafsiran dan Analisis Peta Batimetri

Analisis morfostruktur daerah penelitian menunjukan tiga unit struktur geologi yang berbeda, antara lain zona penunjaman, zona deformasi aktif dan busur muka termasuk didalamnya tinggian busur muka dan cekungan busur muka. Struktur geologi zona penunjaman lempeng teramati sepanjang Palung Sunda paralel dengan zona deformasi aktif. Struktur geologi pada Tinggian Busur Muka membentuk sistim prisma akresi yang disusun oleh sesar anjak, sesar geser, perlipatan dan perlipatan naik. Pola kelurusan struktur umumnya berarah berarah utara baratlaut-selatan tenggara di sebelah utara lintang 5°U, arah baratlaut-tenggara pada posisi 3°-5°U, kelurusan kemudian berbelok hampir barat-timur di sekitar 2°-3°U. Perubahan arah pola kelurusan struktur tersebut ditafsirkan sebagai jawaban terhadap naiknya tingkat kemiringan penunjaman lempeng dari daerah Simeulue ke arah Lintang 5°U -7°U atau secara umum dari selatan Sumatra ke arah utara Sumatra. Di bagian tengah daerah telitian berkembang kelurusan patahan berarah utara-selatan yang memotong kelurusan berarah baratlaut-tenggara. Kelurusan tersebut ditafsirkan sebagai patahan geser dekstral dan kemungkinan masih aktif. Kata Kunci: Analisis morfostruktur, zona penunjaman, zona deformasi aktif, busur muka, kelurusan, sesar anjak, sesar geser, perlipatan, perlipatan naik, kemiringan penunjaman lempeng Morphostructure analyses of study area demonstrate three different units of geological structures: subduction zone, active deformation zone and fore-arc region, which include Fore Arc High and Fore Arc Basin. The plate subduction zone observes along Sunda Trench parallel with active deformation zone. Structure geology in Fore Arc High builds an accretionary prism system. It was composed by thrust fault, strike slip fault, folding and thrust fold. General trend of structural pattern is NNE-SSE at the north of 5°N, NW-SE direction at around 3°-5°N and changed in direction relative to E-W at about 2°-3°N. This direction variation of structural pattern trend was interpreted as a response to increase of obliquity degree of subducted plate from Simeulue area to 5° -7°N, or in general, from southern of Sumatra to north of Sumatra. NS trend lineament has developed in the middle part of study area that also sliced the NW-SE main structural direction. These structural lineaments interpreted as dextral strike slip fault and it is possibly still active. Keywords: morphostructure analyses, subduction zone, active deformation zone, fore-arc lineament, thrust fault, strike slip, folding, thrust fold, plat, plate subduction obliquit

Submarine Mass Movement and Localized Tsunami Potentiality of Mentawai Basin, Sumatera, Indonesia

The new bathymetry and seismic data were acquired during the PreTI-Gap marine survey (February 15 to March 6, 2008). The survey was carried out along the NE margin of Mentawai Island using multi-beam swath bathymetry equipment, and 28-channels seismic streamer and four-airgun source. The first target was the Mega Island region near the epicenter of the 2007 great earthquake. The shallow bathymetry is characterized as a flat coral platform suggesting that 200 km elongated plateau is slowly subsiding without any active faults. Further north, from South Pagai to North of Siberut Islands, the seafloor morphology changes significantly. The deep and wide canyons or valleys produce very rough seafloor morphology between 50 and 1100 m water depth. In general, the submarine topography shows two break slopes at different depths. Between slope breaks, the undulating, hilly and circular features dominate, possibly caused by mass movement. A push-up ridge is observed that dams the sediments eroded within a steep slope northeastward side. The seismic reflection data acquired along 14 dip seismic lines at the NE flank of Mentawai Islands, from Siberut to the South of Pagai Islands. We observed a set of southwestward dipping back thrust bounding the NE margin of the Mentawai Island and the push-up ridge observed on bathymetric image, which suggest that Mentawai fault is not pure a strike slip fault, but consists of a set of back thrusts. Such kind of back thrust movement at the flank of Mentawai basin can trigger mass movement or landslide that can produce localized tsunami causing damages to Sumatera mainland such as Padang, Painan or northern Bengkulu provinces and Mentawai Islands. Therefore, it is important to re-design the tsunami warning system, especially in this region, in order to mitigate tsunami risk to coastal region of western Sumatera. Keywords: multi-beam swath bathymetry, 28-channels seismic streamer, seismic reflection, back thrust, mass movement or landslide, tsunami warning system, mitigate tsunami risk Data batimetri dan seismik baru telah didapatkan selama survey kelautan PreTi-Gap (15 Februari hingga 6 Maret 2008). Survei dilaksanakan sepanjang tepian timurlaut Kepulauan. Mentawai menggunakan peralatan multibeam batimetri, seismik saluran ganda 28 kanal dengan 4 sumber energi airgun. Sasaran pertama adalah memetakan kawasan perairan P. Mega dekat pusat gempa besar tahun 2007. Kenampakan batimetri dangkal dicirikan dengan adanya dataran paparan terumbu karang sepanjang 200km yang secara perlahan mengalami penurunan tanpa akifitas sesar. Lebih jauh ke utara dari P. Pagai Selatan sampai di utara P. Siberut, morfologi dasar laut memperlihatkan Perubahan secara signifikan yaitu lembah dalam dan lebar membentuk morfologi dasarlaut yang kasar dengan beda kedalaman antara 50 hingga 1100 meter. Secara umum, topografi dasar laut memperlihatkan perhentian dua lereng pada kedalaman yang berbeda. Diantara batas lereng yang dicirikan adanya kenampakan perlipatan, perbukitan dan bentuk melingkar diperkirakan sebagai hasil gelinciran batuan/tanah. Punggungan terangkat yang teramati merupakan penahan endapan yang melongsor pada lereng curam pada sisi sebelah timurlaut. Sebanyak 14 lintasan sismik refleksi pada sayap bagian timurlaut Kepulauan Mentawai, dari P. Siberut hingga ke selatan P. Pagai. Patahan anjak belakang yang teramati dengan sudut kemiringan ke arah baratdaya memotong bagian tepian timurlaut dari Kepulauan Mentawai dan punggungan terangkat yang terekam pada peta batimetri menegaskan bahwa Patahan Mentawai bukan murni sebagai patahan geser mengkanan akan tetapi juga memiliki komponen patahan anjak belakang. Setiap pergerakan sesar anjak di sisi Cekungan Mentawai dapat memicu gerakan tanah atau longsoran bawah laut dapat membangkitkan tsunami lokal yang mengakibatkan kerusakan di daratan Sumatera seperti di Padang, Painan atau Propinsi Bengkulu bagian utara dan Kepulauan Mentawai. Oleh karena itu adalah sangat penting untuk merencanakan sistim peringatan tsunami khususnya di kawasan tersebut dengan tujuan untuk melakukan mitigasi resiko bencana tsunami di kawasan pantai barat Sumatera. Kata Kunci: multibeam batimetri, seismik saluran ganda 28 kanal, sismik refleksi, sesar anjak belakang, gerakan tanah atau longsoran, peringatan dini tsunami, mitigasi resiko tsunam

The Transitional Gabbroic Rocks in Bayah Geological Complex, Western part of Java, Indonesia, Inferred from XRF, ICP-MS, and Microprobe Analysis

Gabbro, is a fossil remnant of oceanic crust in western part of Java, found at Bayah Geological Complex (BGC) and Ciletuh Melange Complex (CMC), Indonesia. It has been studied by using petrographic, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and mineralogical (microprobe) analyses. Mineral and geochemical composition of these rocks provide important clues to their origins since the rocks have been deformed and gone through auto metamorphism, beside they contain the economic mineral and or rare earth elements (REE). Gabbroic rocks in these two areas generally shows phaneritic to porphyritic texture, granular texture. These rocks in CMC are dominated by plagioclase (oligoclase to albite), hornblende, pyroxene, partly altered to tremolite, actinolite, chlorite, epidote, and sericite; meanwhile those of BGC dominantly consist of plagioclase, pyroxene, hornblende, some present of chlorite, actinolite, epidote and biotite as secondary minerals. In multi-element diagrams, gabbroic rocks in CMC show strong negative Sr and Zr, but positive Nb anomaly, while those of BGC show strong negative anomaly of Nb and Zr. In addition, based on rare earth elements (REE) diagrams, gabbroic rocks in CMC show depleted of light rare earth elements (LREE) with negative Eu anomaly, while gabbro’s in BGC show enrichment of LREE. These characteristics indicate that GBC’s and CMC’s gabbroic rocks came from different magma sources, one was formed by partial melting of depleted upper mantle reservoir while the other one was formed by partial melting of mantle wedge with active participation of subducted slab in an arc tectonic setting, suprasubduction zone which were formed at started Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene, and they had retrograde metamorphism to epidote amphibolite facies

Fault Pattern and Active Deformation of Outer Arc Ridge of Northwest of Simeulue Island, Aceh, Indonesia

New bathymetric map of northwest Simeuleu Island area (3° 01’N-4°57’N and 93°16’E-94°08’E) has evidently illustrated fine morphological image of Outer Arc ridge and Aceh Fore Arc. The structural lineament pattern, inferred from the bathymetric map, could define in general elongated major NW-SE thrust fault complex, thrust fold, or bedding trace and N-S, NNE-SSW, WNW-ESE or ENE-WSW and E-W structural lineament trend. High intensity deformation processes related to high degree obliquity subducted plate was represented by rough and sigmoidal morphological shape, landward and steep to very steep dip angle of bedding plan. Rough morphology, V to U shape valley, dissected ridge and circular shape of landslide trace are common morphology features of active deformation zone. In the near future, high resolution marine seismic will be planned across this area to capture and confirm the subsurface structure configuration and fault movement. Keyword: bathymetric map, Outer Arc ridge, thrust fault, thrust fold, bedding trace, sigmoidal morphological, V to U shape valley,and landslide. Peta batimetri baru di sebelah barat laut Pulau Simelue (3° 01’LU - 4°57’LU and 93°16’BT-94°08’BT), memperlihatkan citra morfologi yang halus pada punggungan busur luar dan busur depan Aceh. Pola kelurusan struktur mengacu pada peta batimetri, dibagi dalam komplek sesar naik yang berarah umum baratlaut - tenggara, lipatan, atau jejak perlapisan dengan kecendrungan arah struktur utara-selatan, utara timur laut – selatan barat daya, barat - barat daya, timur tenggara atau timur laut - barat daya dan timur - barat. Proses deformasi intensitas tinggi berkaitan dengan derajat kemiringan penunjaman yang tinggi, diwakili oleh bentuk morfologi sigmoid dan kasar, ke arah darat dicirikan oleh kemiringan bidang lapisan terjal hingga sangat terjal. Bentuk morfologi kasar seperti bentuk lembah V hingga U, punggungan yang terpotong dan bentuk melingkar dari jejak longsoran merupakan gambaran morfologi umum dari zona deformasi aktif. Dalam waktu dekat, seismik laut resolusi tinggi akan direncanakan memotong daerah ini untuk menggambarkan dan mengkonfirmasi konfigurasi struktur bawah permukaan dan pergerakan sesar. Kata kunci : peta batimetri, punggungan busur luar, sesar naik, lipatan, jejak bidang perlapisan, morfologi sigmoid, bentuk lembah V hingga U,dan longsoran