SOFRIMENTO E CONTRADIÇÃO: O SIGNIFICADO DA MORTE E DO MORRER PARA ENFERMEIROS QUE TRABALHAM NO PROCESSO DE DOAÇÃO DE ÓRGÃOS PARA TRANSPLANTE

Objectives: To identify the perception and the sentiments of the nurses, in relation to death and dying, who work with the harvesting of organs for transplant. Methods: This is a descriptive research utilizing a qualitative approach. Ten (10) semi-structured interviews were performed, recorded on video-cassette, and the data were analyzed following the analysis of the speeches according to Bardin. Results: Three categories emerged: Category 1 – The significance of death is represented by the following subcategories: Finality, Rebirthing and Contradiction; Category 2 – The significance of donation, is represented by the following subcategories: Solidarity and Generosity, Chance of Life and Contradiction; Category 3 – Existing conflicts among nurses who work in the process of harvesting organs is represented by the following subcategories: Interpersonal relations with the family of the donator, caring for the donor in detriment of the donation, suffering at work, trying to maintain control, criticizing the process of harvesting organs and searching for meaning in their work. Conclusion: From analyzing the content according to the Bardin’s method of processing data, it can be inferred that professionals involved in harvesting organs need to be fully aware that they can compromise their own mental and physical health when encountering these frequent existential conflicts and moral dilemmas.Objetivo: Identificar la percepción y los sentimientos de los enfermeros que trabajan en la captación de órganos para trasplantes en relación a la muerte y al morir. Método: Trátase de una investigación descriptiva con abordaje cualitativo. Fueron realizadas 10 entrevistas semi-estructuradas, grabadas en cinta-cassette, y los datos discutidos a partir del análisis de los discursos según Bardin. Resultados: Emergieron tres categorías: Categoría 1 - El significado de la muerte, constituida por las subcategorías: Finitud, Renacimiento y Contradicción; Categoría 2 – El significado de la donación, con las subcategorías: Solidaridad y desprendimiento, Oportunidad de vida e Contradicción; Categoría 3 – Conflictos vivenciados por el enfermero en el proceso de trabajo en la captación de órganos, teniendo como subcategorías: Estando con la familia del donador, Cuidando del donador en detrimento de la donación, Sufriendo en el trabajo, Intentando preservarse, Criticando el proceso de captación y Buscando el sentido del trabajo. Conclusión: A partir del análisis de los contenidos según las orientaciones del método de proceso de datos de Bardin, podemos inferir que los profesionales de captación de órganos necesitan ser cuidados por vivenciar conflictos existenciales y dilemas morales con mucha frecuencia en sus quehaceres, pudiendo comprometer su propia salud mental y física.Objetivo: identificar a percepção e os sentimentos dos enfermeiros que trabalham na captação de órgãos para transplante em relação à morte e o morrer. Método: trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa. Foram realizadas 10 entrevistas semi-estruturadas, gravadas em fita cassete, e os dados analisados a partir da análise dos discursos. Resultados: emergiram três categorias: Categoria 1 – O significado da morte, constituída pelas subcategorias: Finitude, Renascimento e Contradição; Categoria 2 – O significado da doação, com as subcategorias: Solidariedade e desprendimento, Chance de vida e Contradição; Categoria 3 – Conflitos vivenciados pelo enfermeiro no processo de trabalho na captação de órgãos, tendo como subcategorias: Estando com a família do doador, Cuidando do doador em detrimento a doação, Sofrendo no trabalho, Tentando preservar-se, Criticando o processo de captação e Buscando o sentido do trabalho. Conclusão: os profissionais de captação de órgãos necessitam ser cuidados por vivenciarem conflitos existenciais e dilemas morais com grande freqüência em seu fazer, podendo comprometer sua saúde mental e física

The biological origin of linguistic diversity

In contrast with animal communication systems, diversity is characteristic of almost every aspect of human language. Languages variously employ tones, clicks, or manual signs to signal differences in meaning; some languages lack the noun-verb distinction (e.g., Straits Salish), whereas others have a proliferation of fine-grained syntactic categories (e.g., Tzeltal); and some languages do without morphology (e.g., Mandarin), while others pack a whole sentence into a single word (e.g., Cayuga). A challenge for evolutionary biology is to reconcile the diversity of languages with the high degree of biological uniformity of their speakers. Here, we model processes of language change and geographical dispersion and find a consistent pressure for flexible learning, irrespective of the language being spoken. This pressure arises because flexible learners can best cope with the observed high rates of linguistic change associated with divergent cultural evolution following human migration. Thus, rather than genetic adaptations for specific aspects of language, such as recursion, the coevolution of genes and fast-changing linguistic structure provides the biological basis for linguistic diversity. Only biological adaptations for flexible learning combined with cultural evolution can explain how each child has the potential to learn any human language

Anesthesia of Epinephelus marginatus with essential oil of Aloysia polystachya: an approach on blood parameters

This study investigated the anesthetic potential of the essential oil (EO) of Aloysia polystachya in juveniles of dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus). Fish were exposed to different concentrations of EO of A. polystachya to evaluate time of induction and recovery from anesthesia. In the second experiment, fish were divided into four groups: control, ethanol and 50 or 300 mu L L-1 EO of A. polystachya, and each group was submitted to induction for 3.5 min and recovery for 5 or 10 min. The blood gases and glucose levels showed alterations as a function of the recovery times, but Na+ and K+ levels did not show any alteration. In conclusion, the EO from leaves of A. polystachya is an effective anesthetic for dusky grouper, because anesthesia was reached within the recommended time at EO concentrations of 300 and 400 mu L L-1. However, most evaluated blood parameters showed compensatory responses due to EO exposure.Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul/Programa de Apoio a Nucleos de Excelencia (FAPERGS/PRONEX) [10/0016-8]; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) [470964/2009-0]; Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior, Brazil (CAPES)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Perinatal Mortality: A Case–Control Study

BACKGROUND: Ambient levels of air pollution may affect the health of children, as indicated by studies of infant and perinatal mortality. Scientific evidence has also correlated low birth weight and preterm birth, which are important determinants of perinatal death, with air pollution. However, most of these studies used ambient concentrations measured at monitoring sites, which may not consider differential exposure to pollutants found at elevated concentrations near heavy-traffic roadways. OBJECTIVES: Our goal was to examine the association between traffic-related pollution and perinatal mortality. METHODS: We used the information collected for a case-control study conducted in 14 districts in the City of Sao Paulo, Brazil, regarding risk factors for perinatal deaths. We geocoded the residential addresses of cases (fetal and early neonatal deaths) and controls (children who survived the 28th day of life) and calculated a distance-weighted traffic density (DWTD) measure considering all roads contained in a buffer surrounding these homes. RESULTS: Logistic regression revealed a gradient of increasing risk of early neonatal death with higher exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Mothers exposed to the highest quartile of the DWTD compared with those less exposed exhibited approximately 50% increased risk (adjusted odds ratio = 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.67-3.19). Associations for fetal mortality were less consistent. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that motor vehicle exhaust exposures may be a risk factor for perinatal mortality